Scientific Revolution & Enlightenment – Pre AP World History – Flashcards
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Scientific Revolution
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A new way of thinking about the natural world, based on careful observations, a willingness for people to question accepted beliefs
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Enlightenment
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A movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
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Ptolemy
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Alexandrian astronomer who proposed a geocentric system of astronomy that was undisputed until Copernicus
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Geocentric
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A model of the universe in which Earth is at the center of the revolving planets and stars.
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Heliocentric
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A model of the solar system in which Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun
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Nicholas Copernicus
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Polish astronomer who challenged geocentric model of the universe, published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies (1534)
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Johannes Kepler
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German astronomer who confirmed laws of planetary motion = elliptical orbits rather than circular (Kepler's First Law)
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Galileo Galilei
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Italian astronomer who confirmed Kepler's ideas and concluded planets were made of matter rather than orbs of light. - via his observation through a modified telescope. Called before the Inquisition in Rome (1632) to recant his findings. The Starry Messenger (1610)
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Issac Newton
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British scientist who defined the laws of motion in the Universe via gravity, published Principia (1687)
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Andrea Vesalius
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Proved early beliefs about human anatomy (Galen) were innacurate by dissecting corpses rather than animals, published On the Fabric of the Human Body (1534)
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William Harvey
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English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood, published On the Motion of the Heart and Blood (1628)
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Robert Boyle
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Irish chemist best known for Boyle's Law - describes the inversely proportional relationship between the absolute pressure and volume of a gas
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Antonine Lavoisier
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Widely considered to be the "Father of Modern Chemistry", helped construct the metric system, wrote the first extensive list of elements, and helped to reform chemical nomenclature
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Rene Descartes
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17th century French philosopher; published Discourse on Method (1637), believed mind and matter were completly seperate; Cogito ergo sum (I think therefore I am); known as the father of modern rationalism
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Francis Bacon
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Argued for an empirical, or inductive reasoning approach (scientific method), to scientific inquiry
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Tabula rasa
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"Blank slate" - a young mind not yet affected by experience according to John Locke
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Baron de Montesquieu
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French philosopher, published Spirit of the Laws (1748); government should divide itself according to its powers, creating a Judicial, Legislative, and Executive branch. Under this system each branch would "check and balance" the other
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Voltaire
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French philospher who championed Deism (God is a clockmaker who doesn't intervene with man's free will); attacked Christianity as being "intolerant"
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Denis Diderot
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French Enlightenment figure best known for his work on the first encyclopedia
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau
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Published Social Contract (1762) which argued members of a society agree to be governed by general will of the people; also published Emile (1761) which served as the inspiration for a nationally sponsored system of education
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Mary Wollstonecraft
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British feminist who argued for women's equality with men, even in voting; published Vindication of the Rights of Women (1792)
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Salon
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Gatherings of the social, political, and cultural elite in France during the Enlightenment
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John Wesley
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English clergyman and founder of Methodism; emphasized evangelicalism (open air preaching); Methodism played influential role in abolition of slavery
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Johann Balthasar Neumann
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German architect who refined the baroque style; designed the Kaisersaal (Imperial Hall, Residnez Wurzburg) in Bavaria, Germany
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rococo
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A continuation of the french ideas of the Baroque period with a focus on the pleasures of life for the aristocracy, very feminine, soft, and sensual
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Johann Sebastian Bach
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Foremost composer of the late German Baroque era
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George Frederick Handel
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German composer, profoundly secular, most known for religious music (Messiah)
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Franz Joseph Haydn
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Vienna, Austria composer who developed new musical forms such as the sonata and the symphony during the classical period
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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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Considered the greatest composer of concerto, symphony and opera; a 6 year old prodigy who wrote more than 600 pieces of music
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Henry Fielding
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English writer; best-known work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling (1749)
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Frederick William I
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"The Soldier King"; centralized power through an efficient bureaucracy, made Prussia a military state through conscription
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Frederick the Great
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King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786; enlightened despot who enlarged Prussia by gaining land from Austria when Maria Theresa became Empress
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Maria Theresa
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Daughter of Charled VI, who's inheritance of the Austrian throne sparked the War of the Austrian Succession; became heiress of Austria; mother of Joseph II
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Joseph II
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Son of Maria Theresa; Holy Roman Emperor of Austria: enlightened despot who ordered a new unified code of laws; launched ambitious educational reforms; pushed for religious toleration; tried to remove the burdens of serfdom in his lands; and encourage agricultural innovation
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salutary neglect
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British colonial policy characterized by relaxed supervision of internal colonial affairs; contributed significantly to the rise of American self government
