TExES History 7-12 – Flashcards
161 test answers
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1689
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The French continue to claim Texas but no longer physically occupies any part of the territory
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1690
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Alonso de Leon established Catholic missions throughout Texas
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1762
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The French give up their claims to Texas and cede Louisiana to Spain until 1800
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1800
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Much of north Texas is returned to France and later sold to the U.S. in the Louisiana Purchase
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1823
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Stephen F. Austin begins a colony known as the Old Three Hundred along the Brazos River
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1832
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Battle of Velasco-first casualties of Texas Revolution
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1832-33
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"The Conventions" responded to unrest over the Policies of the Mexican government
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1835
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The Texas Revolution officially began in an effort to obtain freedom from Mexico
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1836
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The "Convention of 1836" signed the Texas Declaration of Independence. The Battle of the Alamo. Santa Anna executed nearly 400 Texans @ the Massacre @ Goliad. Sam Houston leads an army of 800 to victory by capturing the entire Mexican army @ the Battle of San Jacinto. The Treaty of Velasco is signed by Santa Anna and Republic of Texas officials
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1837
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Sam Houston moves the capital of Texas five times ending in Houston
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1839
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Austin becomes the capital of the Republic of Texas
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1842
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Mexican forces twice capture San Antonio and retreat
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1845
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Texas admitted to the Union as a state
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1850
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The Compromise of 1850 adjusts the state boundary assumes Texas' debt
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1861
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Texas secedes from the Union and joins the Confederacy
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1865
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Union troops landed in Galveston and put the Emancipation Proclamation into effect in Texas ending slavery
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1870
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Texas is readmitted to the Union
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1900
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Galveston is destroyed and 8000 people are killed by a category 4 hurricane
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1901
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The Lucas Gusher comes in: starting the Texas oil boom
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1607
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Jamestown, the first permanent English settlement
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1787
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The Constitution was written
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1803
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Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France
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1861-1865
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The Civil War
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Lexington, Massachusetts
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The first shots of the American Revolution were fired in April 1775
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Concord, Massachusetts
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The site of the first battle of the American Revolution
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Battle of Saratoga
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The turning point of the American Revolution
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Yorktown, Virginia
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The British were defeated by George Washington's troops and signaled the end of the American Revolution.
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Fort Sumter
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The first shots of the Civil War were fired here
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Battle of Gettysburg
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The turning point in the Civil War for the North. Confederate troops were forced to retreat and never invaded the North again.
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Vicksburg, Mississippi
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Captured by the North in 1863, effectively split the Confederacy in two and gave control of the Mississippi River to the Union.
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Appomattox Court House
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The small town in Virginia where Robert E. Lee surrendered the Confederate Army to Ulysses S. Grant ending the Civil War.
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Mercantilism
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An economic theory that a country's strength is measured by the amount of gold it has, that a country should sell more than it buys and that the colonies exist for the benefit of the Mother Country.
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Abolitionist
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A person who wanted to end slavery in the United States.
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Tariff
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A tax on goods brought into a country.
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Protective Tariff
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A tax placed on goods from another country to protect the home industry.
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Sectionalism
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A strong sense of loyalty to a state or section instead of to the whole country.
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Temperance Movement
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A campaign against the sale of drinking of alcohol.
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House of Burgesses
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The first representative assembly in the new world.
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Three Branches of Government
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Legislative Branch, the Judicial Branch, and the Executive Branch
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Federalism
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The sharing of power between the states and the national government
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Popular Sovereignty
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The practice of allowing each territory to decide for itself whether or not to allow slavery.
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Federalists
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Supporters of the Constitution who favored a strong national government.
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Antifederalists
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People opposed to the Constitution, preferring more power be given to the state governments than to the national government.
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Magna Carta
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Signed in 1215 by King John, was the first document that limited power of the ruler
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Declaration of Independence
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A document written by Thomas Jefferson, declaring the colonies independence from England.
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Articles of Confederation
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The first American constitution. It was a very weak document that limited the power of the Congress by giving states the final authority over all decisions.
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Monroe Doctrine
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A foreign policy statement by President James Monroe stating that the U.S. would not interfere in European affairs and that the western hemisphere was closed to colonization and/or interference by European nations.
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Treaty of Paris of 1763
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Ended the French and Indian War and effectively kicked the French out of North America
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Treaty of Paris of 1783
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Ended the American Revolution and forced Britain to recognize the United States as an independent nation.
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Common Sense
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A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine to convince colonists that it was time to become independent from Britain.
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Great Compromise
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Created two houses of Congress. One based on population, the other gave equal representation to each state.
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Sam Adams
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A member of the Sons of Liberty who started the Committee of Correspondence to stir public support for American independence.
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King George III
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The King of England who disbanded the colonial legislatures, taxed the colonies, and refused the Olive Branch Petition leading to the final break with the colonies.
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Andrew Jackson
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The leader of the original Democratic Party and a "President of the people". He was also responsible for the Trail of Tears, which forced Native Americans west of the Mississippi River.
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John C. Calhoun
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A South Carolina Congressman and Senator who spoke for the South before and during the Civil War.
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Henry clay
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A powerful Kentucky Congressman and Senator who proposed the American System and the Compromise of 1850.
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Daniel Webster
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A Massachusetts Congressman and Senator who spoke for the North and the preservation of the Union.
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Jefferson Davis
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The President of the Confederacy during the Civil War.
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Ulysses S. Grant
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The General of the Union Army and was responsible for winning the Civil War for the North.
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Robert E. Lee
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The General of the Confederate Army.
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James Madison
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Considered to be the "Father of the Constitution".
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Frederick Douglas
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A former slave who became the best-known black abolitionist in the country.
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Harriet Tubman
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An escaped slave who became a Conductor on the Underground Railroad and helped over 300 slaves to freedom in the North.
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Elizabeth Cady Stanton
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Organized the Seneca Falls Convention creating the Women's Rights Movement in the United States.
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First Amendment
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Freedom of speech, religion, press, assembly, and petition.
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Second Amendment
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The right to bear arms.
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Third Amendment
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Forbids the government to order private citizens to allow soldiers to live in their homes.
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Fourth Amendment
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Requires that warrants be issued if property is to be searched or seized by the government.
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Fifth Amendment
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Protects an accused person from having to testify against him or herself (self-incrimination); bans double jeopardy, and guarantees that no person will suffer the loss of life, liberty, or property without due process of law.
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Seventh Amendment
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Guarantees the right to a jury trial in civil suits.
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Sixth Amendment
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Guarantees the right to a speedy public trial by an impartial jury, the right to a lawyer, the right to cross examine witnesses, and the right to force witnesses at a trial to testify.
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Eighth Amendment
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Prohibits cruel and unusual punishment and excessive bail or fines.
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Ninth Amendment
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People have rights other than those specifically mentioned in the Constitution.
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Tenth Amendment
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States that powers not given to the Federal government belong to the States.
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Thirteenth Amendment
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Abolished Slavery
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Fourteenth Amendment
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Guarantees citizenship and rights to all people born or naturalized in the United States.
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Fifteenth Amendment
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The right to vote to all citizens regardless of race.
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Marbury v. Madison
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The 1803 Court decision that gave the Supreme Court the right to determine whether a law violates the Constitution. It set up the principle of judicial review.
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Dred Scott v. Sanford
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The Supreme Court decision that said slaves were property and not citizens.
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Cotton Gin
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Invented by Eli Whitney that speeded the cleaning of cotton fibers and in effect, increased the need for slaves.
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Steamboat
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Robert Fulton revolutionized transportation and trade in the United States with this invention.
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Pythagoras
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580 B.C.-Greek Philosopher and mathematician (Pythagorean theorem)
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Oscar Romero
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1917-1980- Archbishop from El Salvador- during the Civil War he was assinated-turning point of war. Fought for the poor.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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1712-1790- Enlightenment, created ideas that helped inspire French and American Revolutions-went insane. From Switzerland.
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Adam Smith
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1723-1790- From Scotland, wrote book that greatly impacted industrial revolution and became basis of capitalism.
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Mother Teresa
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1910-1997- Albanian nun- began a charity in Calcutta, India: Missionaries of Charity. Nobel Peace Prize 1997
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Hideki Tojo
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1884-1948- Led Japan to join Axis powers. Was Prime Minister of Japan and ordered the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Found guilty for multiple crimes-most notably for the death of 4 million Chinese. Executed.
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Voltaire
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1694-1778- Frenchmen who wrote satires of the Church and French government.
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James Watt
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1736-1819- Scotsman who invented the rotary steam engine.
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Woodrow Wilson
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1856-1924- U.S. President (Federal Reserve Act, The Clayton Antitrust Act), WWI Fourteen Points for peace-League of Nations, Senate rejected Treaty of Versailles and the League of Nations.
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Elizabeth I
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1533-1603-Never married, defeated Spanish Armada. Virginia named after this Queen.
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Queen Victoria
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1819-1901- Longest reigning monarch of U.K., her reign went from monarchy to constitutional monarchy (nine kids). Grandmother of Europe.
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Justinian
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483-565- Emperor of Byzantine Empire, code of laws (Roman), innocent until proven guilty.
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Nalan Sharansky
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1948-Russian Jew, spoke out against oppression- imprisoned- moved to Israel.
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Archemedes
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287 B.C.- Lever, Catapult, Greek scientist, pulley
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Nelson Mandela
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1918-2013- South African, black president, went to prison- appartaide
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Galileo
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1564-1662- Italian astronomer, developed his own telescope (saw 4 moons of Jupiter) sun-centered, Church put him through court.
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Mao Zedong
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1893-1976- Leader of Communist Revolution in China
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Simon Bolivar
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1783-1830- Led South American's against Spain, Bolivia named after him- drew up constitution.
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Golda Meir
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1898-1978- First Israeli Prime Minister, from Russia, Yom Kippur
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Louis Pasteur
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1822-1895- Chemist/Biologist, discovered penicillin, discovered vaccine for rabies (French).
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Lech Walesa
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1943- Polish- worker's rights, known fro his right to strike. Elected President in 1990 of Poland when Russia left.
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Robert Boyle
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1627-1691- Englishman- Chemistry- Royals Society
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Isaac Newton
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1643-1727- Gravity, father of Modern scientist/physicist.
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Indira Ghandi
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1917-Influential woman of India, Prime Minister who was assassinated by her own bodyguards.
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William Wilberforce
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1759-1833- Deeply religious, against slavery-Sierra Leone, Member of Parliament of England-ended British slave trade.
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Hammurabi
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1750 BC- Babylonian King- first law of code-282 laws, "an eye for an eye"
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Thomas Aquinas
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1225-1274- Italian priest-used Greek to claim God exists
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Copernicus
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1473-1543- Challenged earth-centered theory, from Poland.
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Ronald Reagan
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1911-2004- Credited bringing U.S.S.R. to end, Reaganomics, actor
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William Blackstone
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1723-1780- Englishman- Lawyer, parliament
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John Calvin
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1509-1564- Protestant, Calvinists, reformation.
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Eratosthenes
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285-204 BC- Greek geographer- earth was round.
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Thomas Hobbes
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1588-1679- English philosopher, ideas used in U.S. system of government.
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Three-Fifths Compromise
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Slave count, lack of Bill of Rights
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Alexander Hamilton
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Supported the establishment of a national bank.
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Nineteenth Amendment
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Women granted the right to vote.
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Caddo Nation
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Mound Builders, once largest and most powerful Indian group in Texas. Mainly agricultural.
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Apaches
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High Plains of Central Texas- hunters
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Plains Indians
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Centered their lives around the buffalo
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Comanches
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Dominated the Southern Plains. Like the Plains, they were nomadic and relied on the buffalo. Quanah Parker, famous chief.
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Sam Houston
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First President of Texas
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Communism
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An economic system in which the government owns all businesses and makes all production decisions. All citizens are supposed to share equally in the country's wealth.
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Socialism
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Based on the idea of a cooperative society in which wealth is equally distributed. The government controls some basic industries and public utilities, whereas other businesses are owned by individuals. Provide many social welfare programs such as health care and aid to the poor.
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Capitalism
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An economic system in which individuals control the means of production, distribution, and exchange. The government usually does not interfere in business. A free-enterprise system because, with the exception of some limitations imposed by the government, citizens may engage in whatever business they choose and may produce and charge what they want.
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Federal Reserve System
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Consists of twelve regional Federal Reserve Banks. It is a regulatory agency with the power to supervise the country's banks and adjust the money supply.
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Inflation
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A general rise in prices. People can buy less with the same amount of money.
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Consumer Price Index
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A way of measuring the dollar's value.
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Genghis Kahn
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1162-1227- Leader and founder of Mongol tribes of Asia. Ruled from 1206-1227. Occupied most of Asia during reign.
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Mohammed
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570-632- Born in Mecca, died in Medina. Founder of Islam. Regarded by Muslims as a prophet of God. Teachings make up the Qu'ran.
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Cleopatra
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69-30 BC- Last Pharoh of Egypt. After she died, Egypt became a Roman province. Had children with Roman generals Julius Caesar and Marc Antony.
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Confucius
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551-479 BC- Chinese thinker and social philosopher. Influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese and Vietnamese cultures.
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Plato
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428-347 BC- Classical Greek philosopher. Laid Western philosophical foundations with his teacher, Socrates, and his student, Aristotle. Founder of first institution of higher learning in the Western world, the Academy in Athens.
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Charlemagne
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747-814- A king of the Franks. Charles the Great, or Charles I. Ruled over Western and Central Europe. Conquered Italy and was crowned Imperator Augustus by Pope Leo II in 800. Regarded as founding father of French and German monarchies, and as Father of Europe.
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Norman Conquest
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Began in 1066. Led by William the Conquerer. His military victory at the Battle of Hastings led to Norman control of England. This control would influence England more with continental Europe than Scandinavian culture. Would also lead to rivalry between England and France for the next millennium.
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Feudalism
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A political and economic system of Europe from the 9th to about the 15th century, based on the holding of all land in fief or fee and the resulting relation of lord to vassal and characterized by homage, legal and military service of tenants, and forfeiture.
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Manorialism
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The economic portion of feudalism where all aspects of life were centered on the lord's manor including the village, church, farm land and mill.
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Martin Luther
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1483-1546- A German priest and professor of theology who initated the Protestant Reformation. He strongly disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment of sin could be purchased with money as it was taught by the Catholic Church. He was excommunicated by the Catholic Church in 1521. He translated the Bible into German, and this contributed to the further development of the German language.
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Black Death
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Recognized as the bubonic plague. Spread to Europe from Asia in the 1340s.
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Johannes Gutenberg
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1398-1468- A German goldsmith and printer who introduced modern book printing. His invention of mechanical movable type printing started the Printing Revolution.
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Leonardo da Vinci
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1452-1519- Italian polymath: painter, sculptor, architect, musician, scientist, mathematician, engineer, inventor, anatomist, geologist, cartographer, botanist and writer.
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Napoleon Bonaparte
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1769-1821- French military and political leader. General during French Revolution, Ruler of France as First Conusl of the French Republic, King of Italy, Mediator of Swiss Confederation, and Protector of the Confederation of the Rhine. His actions shaped European politics in the early 19th century.
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Conquest of the Aztec
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One of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. The invasion began in February 1519 and was acclaimed victorious on August 13, 1521, by a coalition army of Spanish conquistadors and Tlaxcalan warriors led by Hernan Cortes and Xicotencatl the Younger against the Aztec Empire.
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Glorious Revolution 1688-1689
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The overthrow of King James II of England by a union of Parliamentarians and an invading army led by Dutch William of Orange who, as a result, ascended the English throne as William III of England. Last successful invasion of England. Dealt serious blows to Catholicism in England: catholics could not vote or sit in Parliament for 100 years; monarchy could not be catholic or marry into catholicism.
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French Revolution
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1789-1799- It was a period of radical social and political upheaval in French and European history during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions.
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Karl Marx
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1818-1883- A German philosopher, political economist, historian, political theorist, sociologist, communist, and revolutionary, whose ideas played a significant role in the development of modern communism.
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Russian Revolution
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1917- Which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. A Bolshevik-led revolution in October 1917, lead by Vladimir Lenin, instituted dramatic change in social structure, paving the way for the USSR.
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Adolf Hitler
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1889-1945- Austrian-born German politician who led the National Socialist German Workers Party, commonly known as the Nazi party. Chancellor of Germany 1933-1945, and Fuhrer 1934-1945 ruling the country as an absolute dictator of Germany. Lead vast rearmament of Germany and exploited nationalism, anti-semitism, anti-communism, and other propaganda. Invaded Poland, effectively starting WWII. Responsible for the Holocaust and execution of various other "undesirables".
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Mohandas Gandhi
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1869-1948- He was the pre-eminet political and spiritual leader of India during the Indian independence movement. Known as "Father of The Nation" in India for his defiance of British government and success in civil rights movement.
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Great Depression
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Economic downturn in the U.S. associated with the stock market crash in 1929 and lasting until war economy boost in 1939.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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1896- Upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations, under the doctrine of "separate but equal".
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Traditional Economy
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System in which resources are allocated by inheritance, which has a strong social network and is based on primitive methods and tools. Found in underdeveloped regions of South America, Asia and Africa.
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Command Economy
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System in which the state controls all aspects of the economy and makes all decisions about wealth distribution and the use of the economy. Found in communist states.
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Market Economy
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System in which the production and distribution of goods and services take place through the mechanism of free markets guided by a free price system. There are no governments in which a true market economy exists.
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Marie Curie
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1867-1934- Polish physicist and chemist. Pioneer in the field of radioactivity, and is the first and only person awarded the Nobel Prize in two different sciences.
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Thomas Edison
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1847-1931- American inventor and businessman. Prolific U.S. patent-holder with 1,093 to his name including the phonograph and the long-lasting light bulb.
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Albert Einstein
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1879-1955- German born theoretical physicist. Best known for his theory of relativity and his theory of energy equivalence. Received Nobel Prize in 1921 for physics.
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