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Western Front

answer

war line between Belgium and Switzerland during World War I; featured trench warfare and massive casualties among combatants

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Eastern Front

answer

war zone from the Baltic to the Balkans where Germans, Austro-Hungarians, Russians, and Balkan nations fought

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Archduke Franz Ferdinand

answer

Austro-Hungarian heir to the throne assassinated at Sarajevo in 1914; precipitated World War I

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Nicholas II

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Russian tsar (r. 1894-1917); executed in 1918

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Gallipoli

answer

World War I battle, 1915; unsuccessful attempt in defense of the Dardenelles

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Italian Front

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war line between Italy and Austria-Hungary; also produced trench warfare

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Armenian genocide

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launched by Young Turk leaders in 1915; claimed up to one million lives

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Submarine warfare

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a major part of the German naval effort against the Allies during World War I; when employed against the US it precipitated American participation in the war

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Armistice

answer

November 11, 1918 agreement by Germans to suspend hostilities

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Georges Clemenceau

answer

French premier desiring harsher peace terms for Germans

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David Lloyd George

answer

British prime minister; attempted to mediate at peace conference between Clemenceau and Wilson

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Woodrow Wilson

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American president who called for self-determination and the League of Nations

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Treaty of Versailles

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ended World War I; punished Germany with loss of territory and payment of reparations; did not satisfy any of the signatories

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League of Nations

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international organization of nations created after World War I; designed to preserve world peace; the US never joined

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Indian National Congress

answer

political party that grew from regional associations of Western-educated Indians in 1885; dominated by elites; was the principal party throughout the colonial period and after independence

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Morley-Minto Reforms

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1909; provided Indians with expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and national legislative councils

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Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms

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1919; increased national powers of Indian legislators and place provincial administrations under ministries controlled by Indian-elected legislatures

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Rowlatt Act

answer

1919; placed severe restrictions on Indian civil rights; undercut impact of the Montagu-Chelmsford reforms

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M. K. Gandhi

answer

Western-educated Indian lawyer and nationalist politician with many attributes of an Indian holy man; stressed nonviolent tactics and headed the movement for Indian independence

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Satyagraha

answer

"truth force"; Gandhi's policy of nonviolent opposition to British rule

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Mustafa Kemal, Ataturk

answer

president of Turkey (1923-1938); responsible for westernization of Turkey

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Effendi

answer

prosperous business and professional urban Egyptian families; generally favored independence

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Dinshawi incident

answer

1906 fracas between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers that resulted in an accidental death; Egyptian protest led to harsh repression that stimulated nationalist sentiment

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Mandates

answer

governments entrusted to victorious European World War I nations over the colonies of the defeated powers

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Balfour Declaration

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1917; British promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine

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Zionism

answer

European Jewish movement of the 1860s and 1870s that argued that Jews return to their Holy Land; eventually identified with settlement in Palestine

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Theodor Hertzl

answer

Austrian Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; was unsympathetic to Arabs and promoted Jewish immigration into Palestine to form a Jewish state

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Alfred Dreyfus

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French Jew, falsely accused of treason in 1894; acquitted 1906; his false conviction fueled Zionism

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Wafd Party

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Egyptian nationalist party founded after World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul; participated in the negotiations that led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922

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W.E.R. Du Bois and Marcus Garvey

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African American leaders with major impact on rising African nationalism

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Negritude

answer

literary movement among African Americans and Africans; sought to combat unfavorable stereotypes of African culture and to celebrate African achievements; influenced early African nationalist movements

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Kellogg-Briand Pact

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1928; a multnation treaty, sponsored by American and French leaders, that outlawed war

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Cubist movement

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headed by Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes

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Fascism

answer

political ideology that became predominant in Italy under Benito Mussolini during the 1920s; attacked the weakness of democracy and the corruption and class conflict of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs

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Syndicalism

answer

organization of industrial workers to control the means of production and distribution

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Mexican Revolution

answer

1910-1920; civil war; challenged Porio Diaz in 1910 and initiated a revolution after losing fraudulent elections

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Pancho Villa

answer

Mexican revolutionary leader in northern Mexico after 1910

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Emilliano Zapata

answer

Mexican revolutionary commander of a guerrilla movement centered at Morelos; demanded sweeping land reform

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Mexican Constitution of 1917

answer

promised land and educational reform, limited foreign ownership, guaranteed rights for workers, and restricted clerical education and proprerty ownership; never fully implemented

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Lazaro Cardenas

answer

Mexican president (1934-1940); responsible for large land redistribution to create communal farms; also began program of primary and rural education

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Corridos

answer

popular ballads written to celebrate heroes of the Mexican Revolution

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Cristeros

answer

conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; a reaction against secularism

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Party of Institutionalized Revolution (PRI)

answer

inclusive Mexican political party developing from the 1920s; rued for the rest of the 20th century

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Soviet

answer

council of workers; seized the government of St. Petersburg in 1917 to precipitate the Russian Revolution

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Aleksander Kerensky

answer

liberal revolutionary leader during the early stages of the Russian Revolution of 1917; attempted development of parliamentary rule, but supported continuance of the war against Germany

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Russian Communist Party

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Bolshevik wing of the Russian socialists; came to power under Lenin in the November 1917 revolution

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Council of People's Commissars

answer

government council composed of representatives from Russian soviets and headed by Lenin; came to power after November 1917

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Red Army

answer

built up under the leadership of Leon Trotsky; its victories secured communist power after the early years of turmoil following the Russian Revolution

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New Economic Policy (NEP)

answer

initiated in 1921 by Lenin; combined the state establishing basic economic policies with individual initiative; allowed food production to recover

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Supreme Soviet

answer

communist-controlled parliament of the USSR

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Comintern

answer

Communist International; an organization under dominance of the USSR; designed to encourage the spread of communism to the rest of the world

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Joseph Stalin

answer

Lenin's successor as leader of the USSR; strong nationalist view of communism; crushed opposition to his predominance; ruled USSR until his death in 1953

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Collectivization

answer

creation of large state-run farms replacing individual holdings; allowed mechanization of agriculture and more efficient control over peasants

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Yuan Shikai

answer

warlord in northern China after fall of the Qing dynasty; president of China in 1912; hoped to become emperor, but blocked in 1916 by Japanese intervention in China

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Sun Yatsen

answer

head of Revolutionary Alliance that led the 1911 revolt against the Qing; president of China in 1911, but yielded to Yuan Shikai in 1912; created the Guomindang in 1919

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May Fourth Movement

answer

acceptance at Versailles of Japanese gains in China during World War I led to demonstrations and the beginning of a movement to create a liberal democracy

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Guomindang (National Party)

answer

founded by Sun Yatsen in 1919; main support from urban businesspeople and merchants; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925

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Chiang Kai-shek

answer

leader of the Guomindang from 1925; contested with the communists for control of China until defeated in 1949

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Mao Zedong

answer

communist leader who advocated the role of the peasantry in revolution; led the Communists to victory and ruled China from 1949 to 1976

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Long March

answer

Communist retreat under Guomindang pressure in 1934; shifted center of communist power to Shanxi province

question

Totalitarian State

answer

a 20th century form of government that exercised direct control over all aspects of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, the Soviet Union, and other Communist states

question

Spanish Civil War

answer

civil war between republican and autocratic supporters; with support from Germany and Italy,the autocratic regime of Francisco Franco triumphed

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Import substitution economies

answer

Latin American and other nations' effort to produce what had formerly been imported

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Corporatism

answer

conservative political movement emphasizing the organic nature of society, with the state as mediator between different groups

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Tojo Hideki

answer

Japanese general who dominated internal politics from the mid-1930s; gave the military dominance over civilian cabinets

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Spanish Civil War

answer

civil war between republican and autocratic supporters; with support from Germany and Italy, the autocratic regime of Francisco Franco triumphed

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National Socialist (Nazi) Party

answer

founded by Adolf Hitler in the period of the Great Depression in Germany

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Blitzkrieg

answer

German term meaning lightening warfare; involved rapid movement of troops and tanks

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Vichy

answer

collaborationist French government established in Vichy in 1940 following defeat by Germany

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Winston Churchill

answer

British prime minister during World War II; exemplified British determination to resist Germany

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Holocaust

answer

Germany's attempted extermination of European Jews and others; 12 million, including 6 million Jews, died

question

United Nations

answer

global organization, founded by the Allies following World War II

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Tehran Conference

answer

1944; meeting between the leaders of Britain, the US, and the Soviet Union; decided to open a new front against Germany in France; gave the Russians a free hand in eastern Europe

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Yalta Conference

answer

1945; agreed upon Soviet entry into the war against Japan, organization of the United Nations; left eastern Europe to the Soviet Union

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Potsdam Conference

answer

1945; meeting between the leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union; allies accepted Soviet control of eastern Europe; Germany and Austria were divided among the victors

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Atlantic Charter

answer

1941; pact between the US and Britain; gave Britain a strong ally; in return the document contained a clause recognizing the right of all people to select their own government

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Quit India movement

answer

mass civil disobedience campaign against British rule of India in 1942

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Muslim League

answer

Indian organization that emerged at the end of World War II; backed Britain in the war

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Muhammad Ali Jinnah

answer

Muslim Indian nationalist; leader of the Muslim League; worked for a separate Muslim state; first president of Pakistan

question

Land Freedom Army

answer

African revolutionary movement for reform of Kenyan colonial system; began a conflict in 1952; called the Mau Mau by the British

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National Liberation Front (FLN)

answer

Algerian nationalist movement that launched a guerrilla war during the 1950s; gained independence for Algeria in 1962

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Afrikaner National Party

answer

became the majority in the all-white South African legislature in 1948; worked to form the rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid

question

Cold War

answer

struggle from 1945 to 1989 between the communist and democratic worlds; ended with the collapse of Russia

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Eastern bloc

answer

the eastern European countries of Poland, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and Eastern Germany dominated by the Soviet Union during the cold war

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Iron Curtain

answer

term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the division between the Western and communist nations

question

Marshall Plan

answer

1947 United States program to rebuild Europe and defeat domestic communist movements

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North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

answer

formed in 1949 under US leadership to group Canada and western Europe against the Soviets

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Warsaw Pact

answer

the Soviet response to NATO; made up of Soviets and their European satellites

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Welfare state

answer

Great Depression-inspired system that increased government spending to provide social insurance and stimulate the economy

question

Technocrat

answer

a new type of bureaucrat trained in the sciences or economics and devoted to the power of national planning; rose to importance in governments after World War II

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Green movement

answer

rise during the 1970s in Europe of groups hostile to uncontrolled economic growth

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Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Reagan

answer

conservative leaders of the 1970s and 1980s; worked to cut welfare and to promote free enterprise; Cold Warriors

question

European Union

answer

began by six nations as the European Economic Community (Commons Market); by the 21st century incorporated most of western European states and was expanding eastward

question

New feminism

answer

a wave of agitation for women's rights dating from about 1949; emphasized equality between sexes

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Solidarity

answer

Polish labor movement beginning in the 1970s, taking control of the country from the Soviet Union

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Socialist realism

answer

Soviet effort to replace Western literature and arts with works glorifying state-approved achievements by the masses

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Third World

answer

term for nations not among the capitalist industrial nations of the first world or the industrialized communist nations of the second world

question

North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)

answer

agreement between the US, Mexico, and Canada that lowered trade barriers

question

Liberation theology

answer

combination of Roman Catholic and socialist principles aiming to improve the lives of the poor

question

Banana republics

answer

conservative, often dictatorial, Latin American governments friendly to the US; exported tropical products

question

Good Neighbor Policy

answer

introduced by US president Franklin Roosevelt in 1933 to deal fairly, without intervention, with Latin American states

question

Alliance for Progress

answer

1961 US programs for economic development of Latin America

question

Indira Gandhi

answer

Prime Minister of India (1966-1977, 1980-1984); daughter of former Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru; dominated Indian politics for several decades

question

Primary products

answer

food or industrial crops with a high demand in industrialized economies; their prices tend to fluctuate widely

question

Neocolonialism

answer

continued dominance of new nations by their former rulers

question

Gamal Abdul Nasser

answer

member of the Free Officers Movement who seized power in Egypt in a 1952 military coup; became leader of Egypt; formed a state-directed reforming regime; ousted Britain from the Suez Canal in 1956; most reforms were unsuccessful

question

Anwar Sadat

answer

successor of Nasser as Egypt's ruler; dismantled Nasser's costly and failed programs; signed peace treaty with Israel in 1973; assassinated by a Muslim fundamentalist

question

Ayatollah Khomeini

answer

religious leader of Iran following the 1979 revolution; worked for fundamentalist Islamic religious reform and elimination of Western influences

question

Apartheid

answer

Afrikaner policy of racial segregation in South Africa designed to create full economic, social, and political exploitation of African majority

question

Homelands

answer

areas in South Africa for residence of "tribal" African peoples; overpopulated and poverty-stricken; source of cheap labor for whites

question

African National Congress (ANC)

answer

South African political organization founded to defend African interests; became the ruling political party after the 1994 elections

question

Nelson Mandela

answer

ANC leader imprisoned by Afrikaner regime; released in 1990 and elected president of South Africa in 1994

question

F.W. de Klerk

answer

South African president (1989-1994); led Afrikaner push for reforms ending apartheid; Nelson Mandela was freed in his presidency

question

Douglas MacArthur

answer

American commander during the war against Japan; headed American occupation government of Japan after the war; commanded United Nations forces during the Korean War

question

Liberal Democratic Party

answer

moderate political party that monopolized Japanese governments from 1955 into the 1990s

question

Republic of Korea

answer

southern half of Korea occupied by the US after World War II; developed parliamentary institutions under authoritarian rulers; underwent major industrial and economic growth after the 1950s

question

Democratic People's Republic of Korea

answer

northern half of Korea dominated by USSR after World War II; formed a communist dictatorship under Kim Il-Song; attacked South Korea to begin the Korean War

question

Mass Line

answer

economic policy of Mao Zedong inaugurated in 1955; led to formation of agricultural cooperatives that then became farming collectives in 1956; peasants lost land gained a few years earlier

question

Great Leap Forward

answer

economic policy of Mao Zedong introduced in 1958; proposed small-scale industrialization projects integrated into peasant communities; led to economic disaster and ended in 1960

question

People's Liberation Army

answer

military, and dominant, arm of the communist structure in China

question

Cultural Revolution

answer

initiated by Mao Zedong in 1965 to restore his dominance oveer the pragmatists; disgraced and even killed bureaucrats and intellectuals; called off in 1968

question

Jiang Qing

answer

wife of Mao Zedong; one of the Gang of Four; opposed pragmatists and supported the Cultural Revolution; arrested and imprisoned for life in 1976

question

Zhou Enlai, Deng Xiaoping, and Liu Shaoqui

answer

pragmatists who opposed the Great Leap Forward; wanted to restore state direction ad market incentives at the local level

question

Red Guard

answer

student brigades active during the Cultural Revolution in supporting Mao Zedong's policies

question

Gang of Four

answer

Jiang Qing and her allies who opposed the pragmatists after the death of Mao Zedong

question

Tayson Rebellion

answer

peasant revolution in southern Vietnam during the 1770s; toppled the Nguyen and the Trinh dynasties

question

Nguyen Anh (Gia Long)

answer

with French support, unified Vietnam under the Nguyen dynasty in 1802 with the capital at Hue

question

Vietnamese Nationalist Party (VNQDD)

answer

middle-class revolutionary organization during the 1920s; committed to the violent overthrow of French colonialism; crushed by the French

question

Communist Party of Vietnam

answer

the primary nationalist party after the defeat of the VNQDD in 1929; led from 1920s by Ho Chi Minh

question

Ho Chi Minh

answer

shifted to a revolution based on the peasantry in the 1930s; presided over the defeat of France in 1954 and the unsuccessful US intervention in Vietnam

question

Viet Minh

answer

Communist Vietnamese movement; fought the Japanese during World War II and the French afterwards

question

Viet Cong

answer

the communist guerrilla movement in southern Vietnam during the Vietnamese War

question

Mikhail Gorbachev

answer

leader of the USSR (1985-1991); inaugurated major reforms that led to the disintegration of the communist regime

question

Glasnost

answer

term meaning openness; Gorbachev policy opening the opportunity to criticize the government

question

Perestroika

answer

term meaning economic restructuring; Gorbachev policy for the economic rebuilding of the USSR by allowing more private ownership and decentralized economic control

question

Globalization

answer

the increasing interconnectedness of all parts of the world; opposed by many environmental and social justice groups

question

Multinational corporations

answer

business organizations with connections across political borders

AP World History Period 6 – Flashcards

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