AP BIO ch 53 – Flashcards
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what 2 pieces of data are needed to mathematically determine density
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number of individuals per unit of area or volume
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the number of individuals per unit of area or volume
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density
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pattern of spacing among individuals within countries of the population
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dispersion
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what is the impact of immigration on population density
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increases
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what is the impact of emigration on population density
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decreases
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what are the 3 types of dispersion patterns
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clumped, uniform, random
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what do clumped dispersion pattern tell us about the population and its interactions
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aggregated in patches
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what do uniform dispersion pattern tell us about the population and its interactions
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evenly spaced; may result form direct interactions between individuals in the population
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what do random dispersion pattern tell us about the population and its interactions
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position of each individual is independent of others; in absence of strong attractions or repulsions
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in what population statistic do demographers have particular interest? how is the data often presented?
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birth and death rates; life tables
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age specific summaries of survival patterns of populations
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life tables
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an age specific summary of the reproductive rates in a population
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reproductive table
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on what is the life history of an organism based
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traits that affect an organism's schedule of reproduction and survival
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what 3 variables form the life history of a species
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when reproduction begins, how often the organism reproduces, and how many offspring are produces during each reproductive episode
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single reproductive episode before death
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semelparity
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multiple reproductive cycles over the course of the life time
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iteroparity
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explain how 2 critical factors influence whether a species will evolve toward semelparity or iteroparity
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survival rate of offspring and likelihood that adults will survive to reproduce again
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what is the advantage of using per capita (over head) birth and death rates rather than just raw numbers of births and deaths
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allows to calculate birth and death rates; the number of offspring produced per unit time by an average number of the population
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what will the per capita birth and death rates be if a population is demonstrating zero population growth
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equal
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what does it mean for a population to be in exponential population growth
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reached reproduction maximum (intrinsic rate of increase)
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what are 2 examples of conditions that might lead to exponential population growth in natural populations
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no predators, protected species, humans
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maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain/support
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carrying capacity
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what are 6 examples of limiting resources that can influence carrying capacity
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energy, shelter, refuge from predators, water, nutrient availability, suitable nesting sites
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in the logistic population growth model, the per capita rate of increase approaches zero as the _____ is reaches
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carrying capacity
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if the carrying capacity is 1000 and N is 10, the term (K-N)/K is large. explain why a large value for (K-N)/K products growth close to the maximum rate of increase for this population
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the environment can sustain more; rate will be high
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density dependent selection; selection for life history traits that are sensitive to population; operates on population near density limit imposed by resources and strong competition
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K selection
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selection for life history traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments
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r selection
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a birth/death rate that DOES NOT change with population density
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density independent regulation
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death rate that rises wit population density; dependent on density of population
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density dependent regulation
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explain how negative feedback plays an essential role in the unifying theme of regulation of populations. does negative feedback play a role i both density independent and density dependent regulation?
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density decreases population growth or else populations wouldn't stop growing; only dependent regulation
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increasing population densities intensifies competition for declining nutrients and other resources, resulting in a lower birth rate
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competition for resources
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can limit population density- territory space becomes resource for which individuals compete
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territoriality
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impact may be density dependent if transmission rates of a particular one depends on a certain level of crowding in a population
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disease
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may be did if a predator encounters and captures more food as the population density of prey increases
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predation
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poisoning organisms
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toxic wastes
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population too dense0- causes problems with speciation
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intrinsic (physiological) factors
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what are negative feedback systems of density dependent population regulation
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competition for resources, territoriality, disease, predation, toxic wastes, intrinsic factors
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explain the importance of immigration and emigration in metapopulations
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they link the populations
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summarize human population growth since 1650
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exponential population growth
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when birth rates approach death rates
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demographic transition
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why do infant mortality and life expectancy vary so greatly between certain counties
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reflect quality of life
