Chemistry: The Central Science 13th Edition Chapter 2 – Flashcards
Unlock all answers in this set
Unlock answersquestion
elements are composed of atoms all atoms of a specific element are identical (but different from atoms of other elements) Atoms of one element cannot be exchanged with atoms of another atoms cannot be created/destroyed compounds are combinations of atoms of one or more elements every sample of a compound have the same relative numbers of each kind of atom in it
answer
Dalton's Postulates
question
Total mass of substance present at end of chemical process is same as before the process happened
answer
Law of Conservation of Mass
question
when two elements combine to form more than one compound, the mass of one element, which combines with a fixed mass of the other element, will always be ratios of whole numbers.
answer
Law of multiple proportions
question
J.J. Thomas with Cathode Rays
answer
Who discovered electrons and with what
question
Spontanous emission of high-energy radiation by an atom the discovery of the proton and the nucleus
answer
define radioactivity what did it's discovery lead to
question
Ernest Rutherford Shot alpha particles through gold sheet, some were deflected, they were bouncing off of nucleouses the "nuclear model"
answer
Who discovered the Nucleus
question
the mass of protons and nucleuses are virtually the same the mass of elections is so small it is negligible
answer
Masses of the three subatomic particles
question
Atoms of the same element with different masses aka different number of neutrons but same number of protons as the basic atom
answer
what are isotopes
question
protons: +1 Electrons: -1
answer
charges of protons and electrons
question
amu a base unit of measurement for the mass of atoms. It is purely for simplification
answer
Atomic Mass Unit
question
number of protons
answer
atomic number
question
number of protons + neutrons
answer
mass number
question
No net charge
answer
number of protons = number of electrions
question
8 times as much oxygen as hydrogen
answer
ratio of oxygen vs hydrogen in water in mass
question
mixtures of isotopes
answer
how do most elements occur naturally
question
the average atomic mass of an elements isotopes
answer
define atomic weight
question
Atomic number, Atomic symbol, Atomic weight
answer
what info is given on a square on the periodic table
question
periods = horizontal columns groups = vertical rows
answer
periods vs groups
question
similar they have the same number of valence electrons
answer
elements within groups tend to be...why?
question
the elements that make up the "divide" between metals and nonmetals on the periodic table. They have physical characteristics from both sides
answer
metaloids
question
two or more of the same element bound together
answer
define molecule
question
molecules that consist of two atoms
answer
diatomic molecule
question
O2 - essential to life, odorless O3 - toxic, pungent smell
answer
oxygen vs Ozone
question
made of atoms of different elements
answer
molecular compounds
question
they are composed of molecules or ions all but the noble gasses which appear as isolated atoms
answer
How does most matter appear in nature.
question
molecular = exact numbers of each element in a molecule (Benzene: C6H6) emperical = the ratio of each element to the others (in Benzene, for every Carbon atom there is one Hydrogen atom, CH)
answer
molecular formula vs empirical formula
question
Shows the most information Shows how all the atoms are connected
answer
structural formula
question
balls = atoms sticks = bonds
answer
Ball-and-stick model
question
Good for showing relative size of the atoms but angle is harder to see
answer
space-filling model
question
After chemical process has occurred if elections are added or taken from an atom that atoms becomes an ion and gains a charge cation - positive charge anion - negative charge
answer
cations vs anions
question
superscript ( 1+ , 2- , + , -, etc. )
answer
how is net charge shown
question
metals lose non-metals gain
answer
In general do metals tend to gain or loose electrons In general do non-metals tend to gain or loose electrons
question
Ions of many atoms
answer
polyatomic ions
question
the number of elections that the noble gases have are very stable. (also why noble gases form few compounds)
answer
why do elements tend to gain/loose elections to get to the same number of elections as the closest noble gas
question
a compound made up of cations and anions Opposite charges attract so cations and anions often combine to create a net 0 charge and a compound
answer
ionic compound (different from molecular compound because molecules and ions are different things)
question
????
answer
difference between ionic compounds and polyatomic ions????
question
metals are cations non-metals are anions SO, ionic compounds are generally combinations of metals and nonmetals molecules are generally combinations of nonmetals only
answer
Are metals usually cations or anions Are non-metals usually cations or anions what does this tell us
question
empirical most ionic compounds can have different numbers of atoms. They just have to have the same ratios of elements
answer
most Ionic compounds can only be written with which formula? why?
question
number of protons or electrons
answer
element symbol
question
subtract the atomic number from the mass number because mass number is neutrons + protons and atomic number is just protons
answer
How to find the number of neutrons from the mass number and atomic number
question
sum of the masses of all that element's isotopes multiplied by the fractional natural abundance
answer
finding atomic weight
question
find what is blank (the boxes)
answer
Possible test/quiz question
question
atomic number (number of protons or electrons) IA,IIA, etc. black = solid at room temp Red = gas at room temp
answer
The periodic table is arranged by... Dr. Frampton uses which group labeling method? color coding
question
metals - shiney, solid at room temp, good conductors, malleable, ductile, will form cations
answer
properties of metals
question
brittle, solid/liquid/or gas at room temp, not shiny, not conductive, will form anions
answer
properties of nonmetals
question
sometimes act like metals and sometimes act like Nonmetals
answer
properties of metalloids
question
A = main group elements (or representative elements) B = transitions elements (transition metals)
answer
What are the Group A elements called What are the Group B elements called
question
H2 I2 N2 Cl2 Br2 O2 F2 HINClBrOF "hincklebrof"
answer
List of diatomic elements
question
system used in naming substances
answer
define chemical nomenclature
question
organic = contains carbon and/or hydrogen inorganic = doesn't
answer
organic vs inorganic compounds
question
kill me please
answer
Zinc and gold have only one charge?
question
a molecule that only contains hydrogen and carbon
answer
Hydro carbon (organic chemistry)
question
CH4
answer
Methane (organic chemistry)
question
C3H8
answer
Propane (organic chemistry)
question
organic compounds...-ol
answer
alcohols are...their names end in..
