question

a ______ is defined as a set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and predict social events a) hypothesis b) law c) theory d) generalization

answer

theory

question

In a study of education in the US, _________ would emphasize the daily activities and the various forms of communication between teachers and students. They would also examine the influence of peer groups and look at the reaction when school rules are broken or followed a) conflict theorists b) symbolic interactionists c) postmodern theorists d) functionalists

answer

symbolic interactionists

question

the sociological imagination helps us place personal troubles, such as losing one's job or attempting suicide, into a larger social context, where we can distinguish whether and how personal troubles may be related to public issues a) true b) false

answer

true

question

all of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology focus analysis at the macolevel, examining whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems

answer

false

question

a ________ is a group that strongly rejects dominant societal values and norms and seeks an alternative lifestyle a) subculture b) counterculture c) contraculture d) secondary culture

answer

counterculture

question

a __________ is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations a) culture b) society c) nation d) country

answer

society

question

One person's inability to find a job may be an example of a ______, whereas widespread unemployment as a result of changes in the economy, such as the outsourcing of job, is an example of a _______ a) dysfunction ; psychological difficulty b) personal trouble ; public issue c) psychological difficulty; private issue d) public issue; personal trouble

answer

personal trouble public issue

question

A(n) ______ can be anything that meaningfully represents something else a) indicator b) symbol c) device d) character

answer

symbol

question

a potential danger of applying ______ is that taken to its extreme it may be used to justify practices that violate human rights a) positive ethnocentrism b) objectivism c) cultural relativism d) cultural diffusion

answer

cultural relativism

question

according to the ______ perspective, society is the sum of the interactions of individual and groups a) functionalist b) conflict c) postmodern d) symbolic interactionist

answer

symbolic interactionist

question

which of these early scientific thinkers first used the phrase "survival of the fittest" to explain his theory of society a) karl marx b) emile durkheim c) auguste comte d) herbert spencer

answer

Herbert Spencer

question

analyzing the tobacco industry, which theoretical perspective would most likely look at the conflict of interests between tobacco companies and public health interests a) functionalists b) interactionalists c) conflict d) developmental

answer

conflict

question

neither society nor culture could exist without the other a) true b) false

answer

true

question

as you are rushing from one class to the next, you absentmindedly forget to hold the door open for someone. Which cultural components has your behavior violated a) a taboo b) a folkway c) a sanction d) social mores

answer

a folkway

question

In some respects, ethnocentrism may be considered a postive value a) true b) false

answer

true

question

________ studied suicide in what was probably the first sociological study to use scientific research methods a) Emile Durkheim b) Max Weber c) Karl Marx d) Charles Wright Mills

answer

Emile Durkheim

question

in her work, sociologist Harriet Martineau was a strong advocate for a) building a stronger middle class b) the importance of cultural relativsim c) recognizing the forces for stability and change in society d) social equality and reform

answer

social equality and reform

question

According to the ______ perspective, groups in society are engaged in a continuous power struggle for control of scarce resources a) functionalist b) interactionalist c) conflict d) developmental

answer

conflict

question

From the _______ perspectives, people create, maintain, and modify cultures as they go about their everyday activities, thereby continually negotiating their social realies a) symbolic interactionist b) conflict c) functionalist d) postmodern

answer

symbolic interactionist

question

culture works for humans the way that instincts work for other animals, guiding them through daily life a) true b) false

answer

true

question

according to Mills, the sociological imagination enables one to distinguish between personal troubles that must be solved within the immediate social setting and ______ that affect large numbers of people and often require solutions at the societal level a) unimportant troubles b) non-private difficulties c) public issues d) societal dysfunctions

answer

public issues

question

a ______ analysis focuses on small groups rather than large scale social structures a) macrolevel b) mesolevel c) microlevel d) metalevel

answer

microlevel

question

which of these is NOT part of the sociological appraoch to the study of society and social interaction a) systematic research techniques b) presentation of research findings c) search for patterns in human behavior d) application of common sense or everyday understandings

answer

application of common sense or everyday understandings

question

______ states that societies develop social structures, or institutions that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy a) Postmodernism b) symbolic interactionism c) conflict theory d) functionalism

answer

functionalism

question

groups such as the beatniks of the 1950's, the drug enthusiasts of 1970's, and members of religious cults reject some or many of cultures basic norms and values. These groups are called a) contracultures b) secondary cultures c) countercultures d) subcultures

answer

countercultures

question

A _______ analysis examines whole societies, large-scale social structures, and social systems a) macrolevel b) mesolevel c) microlevel d) metalevel

answer

macrolevel

question

Sociologist George Herbert Mead was one of the first scholars to note that a dual heritage creates onflict for people of color. He called this duality double consciousness - the identity conflict of being black and American a) true b) false

answer

false

question

Applying a functionalist perspective to suicide among teenagers, one would argue that suicide _______ when it results from feelings of hopelessness and a lack of meaningful choices a) anomic b) egoistic c) fatalistic d) altruistic

answer

fatalistic

question

sociologist C. Wright Mills coined the term ________ for the ability to see the relationship between individual experiences and the larger society a) conflict perception b) sociological imagination c) reality perception d) symbolic interaction approach

answer

sociological imagination

question

ALthough Weber emphasized that sociology should be value free, he did not believe that human behavior could e analyzed through application of the objective criteria used to study other natural phenomena a) true b) false

answer

true

question

when student go away to college they often make lifelong friends and may even find their spouse. According to Robert Merton, this would be a ______function of eduction a) manifest b) latent c) dysfunction d) affective

answer

latent

question

British sociologist _______ translated and condensed Comte's work and was noted for her study of social customs in Great Britain and the US a) Emily Durkhein b) Jane Addams c) Harriet Martineau d) Sarah Spencer

answer

Harriet Matineau

question

In the US _______ might include using a napkin when eating and saying excuse me after bumping into someone a) formal norms b) folkways c) mores d) laws

answer

folkways

question

"The Order" a white supremacist group, is opposed to most of the values shared by a majority of mainstream Americans. The Order has purchased weapons with the purpose of going after its enemies. This group is an example of a _______ a) secondary culture b) contraculture c) subculture d) counterculture

answer

counterculture

question

Language, beliefs, values, rules of behavior, family patterns, and political systems are examples of material culture a) true b) false

answer

false

question

human culture could not exist without symbols a) true b) false

answer

true

question

during a church service, a parishioner talks loudly to the person sitting next to her. A man in another pew turns around, frowns at her and says "SHHH" this illustrates a ______ a) negative informal norm b) positive informal norm c) negative informal sanction d) prescriptive informal norm

answer

negative informal sanction

question

Because cultures tend to be integrated, all parts of any given culture will tend to change at the same pace a) true b) false

answer

false

question

Sociology emerged in Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries a) true b) false

answer

true

question

Culture is more important to the individual than it is for the society a) true b) false

answer

false

question

Sociologist W.E.B. Du Bois observed that a dual heritage creates conflict for people of color: an identity conflict of being black and American. Du Bois referred to this duality as _______ a) double consciousness b) the dual-labor market c) the double bind d) functional conflict

answer

double consciousness

question

Applying the broadest sense of the concept, most people in the US could be classified as members of one subculture or another a) true b) false

answer

true

question

In a study of homelessness in American society, _________ would emphasize the struggle between social classes, especially how the policies of the wealthy protect their interests while pushing certain groups into unemployment and homelessness a) conflict theorists b) functionalists c) symbolic interactionists d) postmodern theorists

answer

conflict theorists

question

AUGUST COMTE - french pholospher developed in 18/19 century systematic study of human society and social interaction

answer

sociology

question

because mores govern behavior considered essential to the stability of society, they are always codified into laws and punishable with formal sanctions a) true b) false

answer

false

question

American sociology grew along with European sociology during the 18th and 19th century a) true b) false

answer

false

question

Jill attends college in order to study accounting so that she can work as an accountant. Merton would consider this a _____ function of college a) manifest b) latent c) dysfunction d) prerequisite

answer

manifest

question

According to the functionalist perspective, societies develop social structures (institutions) that persist because they play a part in helping society survive. These institutions include the family, education, government, religion, and the economy a) true b) false

answer

true

question

In a study of education in the US ______ would look at the role the schools play in maintaining the social system as a whole; how education provides the yound with skills they need alter in life; and how it transmits cultural values from one generation to the next a) symbolic interactionists b) postmodern theorists c) functionalists d) conflict theorists

answer

functionalists

question

Jane Addams is best known as a) the first President of the American Sociological Society b) the founder of Hull House c) the first woman to conduct sociological research d) former First Lady of the US

answer

the founder of Hull House

question

the knowledge, language, values, customs, and material objects that are passed from person to person from one generation to the next in a human group or society

answer

culture

question

symbols almost always have the sam emeaning across all the cultures of the world

answer

false

question

culture includes everything a society creates and the rules its members are expected to follow

answer

true

question

there are relatively large number of cultural universals

answer

false

question

phones are an example of ______, while communcation of the phone is an example of ________

answer

material culture; nonmaterial culture

question

_______ are examples of the various ways different cultures around the world have developed to meet their basic survival needs a) cultural dishes b) arranged marriages c) traditional cultural clothing d) all of the above

answer

all of the above

question

an american going to japan and judging the cultural norm of eating fish eyeballs as disgusting without trying to understand why some Japanese eat fish eyeballs would be an example of

answer

ethnocentrism

question

when using cultural relativism, one should always adopt the norms of the culture one is evaluating

answer

false

question

______ is the belief that the behavior and customs of any culture should be viewed and analyzed by the culture's own standards

answer

cultural relativism

question

how many languages exist around the world

answer

7000

question

what are the three types of norms

answer

folkways mores laws

question

nonverbal communication is not included in culture

answer

false

question

the ________, or a polarization of society over controversial cultural elements, refers to the relatively recent political debates regarding social issues such as abortion, religious expression, gun control, and sexual orientation

answer

culture war

question

_______ is a collective conception of what is considered good, desirable, and proper - or bad, undesirable, and improper - in a culture

answer

value

question

in american culture, not brushing your teeth would be an example of violating a

answer

folkway

question

sociobiology is the systematic study of how biology affects human behavior

answer

true

question

sanctions can be either positive rewards or negative penalities for behavior concerning a social norm

answer

true

question

_______ is another word for "jargon" is a functional way for a subculture to feel cohesive and maintain its diversity a) argot b) dialect c) vernacular d) all of the above

answer

all of the above

question

macrolevel main components of society working together and running - if something isnt functioning, society will change it- 1) primary 2) secondary 3) tertiary

answer

functionalist perspective

question

sees main components of society as being conflict with one another for resources - society is organized by those who have power to organize it -

answer

conflict perspective

question

tries to explain how individuals shape their own lives and society through interaction with others 1) looking glass self 2) meads role taking

answer

symbolic interactions

question

statement that forms over 2 variables

answer

hypothesis

question

process of systematically collecting info for the purpose of testing an existing theory 1) quantitive 2) qualitive research designs: survey, questionaire, interview

answer

research

question

data that can be measured numerically, objective - surveys, experiments analysis - participant observation - good for large sampling

answer

quantitative research

question

focuses on interpretations to analyze underlying meanings and patterns of social relationships - human element

answer

qualitative research

question

poll researchers gathers facts to determine a relationship - open ended: most tragic thing that happened - both qualitative and quantitative

answer

survey

question

HAWTHORNE EFFECT - *unintened influence* researchers use existing material and analyze data that were created by others; magazines, newspaper - content analysis = code the data and use hypothesis - requires a code book = collectively exhaustive

answer

secondary analysis

question

study of social life and its natural setting - observation - participant observation = you join the group you are studying - ethnography = most thorough form combination of methods of observation

answer

field research

question

designed situations in which researchers study the impact of certain variables on subjectss/behaviorss - control group not exposed - NOT OFTEN USED

answer

experiment

question

1) maintain objectivity and integrity 2) participants right to privacy 3) protect confidentiality 4) list who helped you finance experiments

answer

ethical guidelines

question

willingness of study participants to obey an authority figure

answer

milgram experiment

question

customs and practices that occur across all societies ex: food, clothing, shelter, marriage

answer

cultural universals

question

your culture is better than others

answer

ethnocentrism

question

belief that behaviors and customs of any culture must be viewed and analyzed by the cultures standards ex: other cultures look down on America for nursing homes

answer

cultural relativism

question

anything that meaningfully represents something else -gestures: thumbs up, peace, smiley face - objects: medals, trophies, cross - words: verbal or written

answer

symbols

question

set of symbols that expresses idead and enables people to think and communicate

answer

language

question

language shapes the view of reality and its speakers - media gives information about the greater world

answer

sapir whorf hypothesis

question

established rules that guide our behavior 1) folkways: informal - picking your nose, wear deodorant 2) mores: formal/informal - prostitution, cheating 3) laws: formal - ex: dont kill, dont speed

answer

norms

question

strongly held norms with moral and ethical connotations that may not be violated without serious consequences in a particular culture - change over time and idffer based on culture - child neglect and abuse pre-marital sex

answer

mores

question

formal standarized norms that have been enacted by legislators

answer

laws

question

segment of society that believes and shares distinct customs, rules, traditions - develops argot: language distinguished other than society

answer

subculture

question

when subculture opposes certain aspects of larger culture

answer

counterculture

question

life long process of social integration by which people aquire knowledge, attitudes, values, and behaviors essential for success participation in society - includes who we are, what we do, and all influences that have contributed ex: parents, friends, media

answer

socialization

question

family - most primary friends - important in regard to school tv - media schools - material and people you learn it from religious - mores of cultures have typically been instilled in new generations

answer

agents of socialization

question

COOLEY a person's sense of self is derived from the perceptions of others

answer

looking glass self

question

what is perceived to be real, is real in its consequences - misinterpretation of why someone is laughing/gossip

answer

Thomas Theorum

question

process by which a person mentally assumes the role of another person in order to understand the world from the persons point of view 1) preparatory stage - mimicking parent 2) play stage - pretending to play role of doctor 3) game stage

answer

meads role talking

question

primary: 0-4 years//observe people around you (at home) encouraged/discouraged from believing certain things, learn folkways and mores secondary: 5- young adult//new agents of socialization basic norms learned, reinforced, challenged tertiary: adult - death // more time maintaining relationships we decide norms to enforce others

answer

stages of socialization

question

aspect of socialization that contains specific messages and practices concerning the nature of being male or female in a group of society - society teaches us what it expects of man/woman - blue = boy pink = girl

answer

gender socialization

question

process of learning a new and different set of attitudes, values and behaviors from those in one's background and previous experience - voluntary = coming back from war - involuntary = prison

answer

resocialization

question

C. Wright Mills an awareness of the relationship between an individual and the wider society, both today and in the past

answer

social imagination

question

the phenomenon in which the media provide such massive amounts of coverage that the audience becomes numb and fails to act on the information, regarless of how compelling the issue

answer

narcotizing dysfunction

question

someone who influences the opinions and decisions of others through day to day personal contact and communication

answer

opinion leader

question

small number of people in the media industry control what material eventually reaches the audience

answer

gatekeeping

question

a set of cultural beliefs and practices that helps to maintain powerful social, economic, and political interests

answer

dominant ideoplogy

question

a period of maladjustment when the nonmaterial culture is still struggling to adapt to new material connditions

answer

culture lag

question

the relative lack of access to the latest technologies among low incomme groups , racial and ethnic minorities, rural residents, and the citizens of developing countries

answer

digital divide

question

processes of socialization in which a person rehearses for future positions, occupations, and social relationships

answer

anticipatory socialization

question

an aspecct of the socialization process within some total institutions in which people are subjects to humiliating rituals

answer

degradation ceremony

question

the efforts people mke to maintain the proper image and avoid public embarrassment

answer

face work

question

the generation of adults who simultaneously try to meet the competing needs of their parents and their children

answer

sandwich generation

question

a ritual marking the symbolic transition from one social postion to another

answer

rite of passage

question

the altering of the presentation of the self in order to create distinctive appearances and satisfy particular audiences

answer

impression management

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