Self-schemas
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The belief that others are paying more attention to our appearance and behavior than they really are.
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Spotlight effect
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The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others.
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Illusion of transparency
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What we know and believe about ourselves.
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Self-concept
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Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information.
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Self-schema
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Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others.
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Social comparison
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The concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group qualifications.
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Individualism
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Construing one's identity as an autonomous self.
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Independent self
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Giving priority to the goals of one's group(often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.
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Collectivism
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The tendency to underestimate how long it will take to complete a task.
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Planning fallacy
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Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events.
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Impact bias
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Differing implicit(automatic) and explicit(consciously controlled) attitudes toward the same object.
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Dual attitude system
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May change with education and persuasion.
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Verbalized explicit attitudes
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Change slowly, with practice that forms new habits.
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Implicit attitudes
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A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth.
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Self-esteem
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Proposes that people exhibit self-protective emotional and cognitive responses(including adhering more strongly to their cultural worldview and prejudices) when confronted with reminders of their mortality.
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Terror management theory
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Research in which the same people are studied over an extended period of time.
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Longitudinal study
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A sense that one is competent and effective, distinguished from self-esteem, which is one's sense of self-worth. A sharpshooter in the military might feel high self-efficacy and low self-esteem.
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Self-efficacy
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The tendency to perceive oneself favorably.
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Self-serving bias
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A form of self-serving bias; the tendency to attribute positive outcomes to oneself and negative outcomes to other factors.
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Self-serving attributions
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The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effecting action.
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Defensive pessimism
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The tendency to overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors.
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False consensus effect
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The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors.
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False uniqueness effect
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Protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure.
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Self-handicapping
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The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a favorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals.
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Self-presentation
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Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and adjusting one's performance to create the desired impression.
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Self-monitoring
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Are mental templates by which we organize our worlds.
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Schemas
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Privately taking some pleasure in peer's failure, especially when it happens to someone we envy and when we don't feel vulnerable to such misfortune ourselves.
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Schadenfreude
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How sociologist Charles H. Cooley described our use of how we think others perceive us as a mirror of ourselves.
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The looking-glass self
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Having an inflated sense of self.
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Narcissism
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Defensive pessimism can save us from the perils of this according to Julie Norem.
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Unrealistic optimism
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more active when you think about the self
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Medial prefrontal cortex
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Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future
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Possible selves
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Construing one's identity in relation to others
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Interdependent self
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Including rationalizing, discounting, forgiving and limiting emotional trauma
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Coping mechanisms
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The human tendency to underestimate the speed and the strength of the "psychological immune system" which enables emotional recovery and resilience after bad things happen
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Immune neglect
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The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces
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Locus of control
