Child Development test 2 – Flashcards
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Clara's weight is in the 30th percentile. This means that _____ percent of all babies her age weigh less than she does.
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30
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Emily, who is now 12 months old, has slept in her parents' bed since she was born. This custom is called:
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co-sleeping
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Brain weight triples in the first two years of life primarily because of the growth of:
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dendrites
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In addition to temperment influences, what is a compelling reason that causes parents to choose to co-sleep with their infant?Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier.
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Co-sleeping makes nighttime feedings easier.
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The sense that is least developed at birth is
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vision
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The dozing, half-awake state often seen in newborns is called
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transitional sleep
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You are walking through a meadow, and you see a flower. Your eyes seeing the flower is a matter of ______. Your brain determines that the flower is yellow. This determination made in your brain is a matter of ______. You start thinking about how the flower will look in a vase in your living room. This process demonstrates ______.
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sensation; perception; cognition
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_____ is the thick, high-calorie fluid that is secreted by a new mother's breasts in the days immediately following birth.
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colostrum
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Fine Motor skills are those that:
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require small body movements.
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Children reach half their adult height by age:
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2 years.
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Approximately how many hours per day does the average newborn spend asleep?
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15 to 17
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Which of the following best describes the cortex of the brain?
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It makes up the outer layers of the brain and is responsible for thinking, feeling, and sensing.
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Based on research about SIDS, caregivers are advised that babies should be _____.
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put to sleep on their backs
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The area of the brain that plans, anticipates, and controls impulses and is the last part of the brain to mature is the:
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prefrontal cortex
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Which of the following includes the three factors that contribute to the ability to walk?
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muscle strength, brain maturation, practice
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The damage from illness may not be apparent until decades later. Having mumps in childhood, for instance, can cause _____ and doubles the risk of schizophrenia in adulthood.
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sterility
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Renee is concerned because her son is 13 months old and is starting to walk, but he never learned to crawl. What advice would you give to Renee?
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She should not be concerned because not all babies crawl.
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The part of the brain that seems to be devoted to perceiving faces is the:
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fusiform face area.
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The process through which unused dendrites atrophy and die is called _____.
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pruning
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An abusive caregiver shakes an infant to get her to stop crying. The infant stops crying. Why?
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Blood vessels in her brain rupture and neural connections break.
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Piaget called infants' first period of cognitive development:
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sensorimotor intelligence.
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The infant's first sensorimotor activities are:
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the stage of reflexes
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Freddy has been sucking his thumb for a few weeks. His parents would prefer him to use a pacifier, so they begin to offer one, but Freddy rejects it and continues to suck his thumb. Freddy is most clearly in stage _____ of Piaget's theory of sensorimotor development.
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two
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Jayce enjoys playing with your keys. When you take them away and place them in your pocket, Jayce does not search for them. Piaget would say that Jayce does not understand:
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object permanence.
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Which theory compares human cognition to the workings of a computer?
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b. information-processing theory
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An illusion of a drop between one surface and another is called a(n):
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visual cliff.
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Children all over the world usually:
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follow the same sequence of language development.
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Mariska is participating in a research study to determine whether she can detect the difference between two amounts: a circle containing two dots versus a circle with no dots inside. The researcher shows her the empty circle repeatedly until she looks away while it is on the screen. Then the researcher shows her the circle with two dots in it, and records how long Mariska stares at it. What research method is being used?
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habituation
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Bill constantly talks to his 3-month old infant. His friend Ted tells him that it is useless to do so, because an infant cannot understand language. Social-pragmatists would:
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disagree with Ted, because Bill's behavior teaches the emotional nature of communication.
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The environment offers many opportunities to interact with whatever is perceived. These opportunities are known as _____.
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affordances
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During the sensorimotor stage, the main task is to:
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use senses and motor skills to understand the world.
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According to Chomsky's theory of language acquisition:
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children have an inborn ability to learn language.
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By 10 months of age, Alan has a vocabulary of a dozen words. B.F. Skinner would have attributed Alan's rapid speech development mainly to his:
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parents' talking to him frequently
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According to the social-pragmatic theory, infants communicate because _____.
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humans are social beings
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Greg is 10 months old, and he refuses to crawl across the visual cliff even though his mother is encouraging him to do so. When he was 6 months old, he squirmed across it without hesitation. What has changed for Greg?
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His experience with crawling has led him to understand that crawling over an edge affords falling.
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Piaget was interested in:
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studying how children think.
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Janice's mother often lets her 6-month-old baby sit in front of the television, watching episodes of Sesame Street. What is Janice likely learning from the episodes she watches?
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very little
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Becky is a 4-month-old infant whose mother uses a high-pitched voice, simple words or phrases, and lots of repetition when she speaks. Becky delights in her mother's use of _____.
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child-directed speech
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Billy is 19 months old. He watches his older brother play with a toy piano. The next day, Billy crawls to the toy piano and will probably:
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push the keys on the piano the way his brother did.
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The statement "multiple attentional, social, and linguistic cues contribute to early language learning" supports the _____ theory of language learning.
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hybrid
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Which of the following emotions are apparent at birth?
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pleasure and pain
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When a baby is upset because a caregiver is leaving, the baby is exhibiting:
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separation anxiety
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If we place a dot of make-up on an 18-month-old's nose and stand the child in front of a mirror, she may then touch her nose. This shows that the child has some:
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self-awareness
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Georgia is now 8 months old. Her mother has always been a very anxious person, as has her father. Georgia's parents and siblings are all easily stressed and anxious. What effect might this environment have on Georgia's brain development?
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@ a. Her hypothalamus may be smaller and grow slower that normal.
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Sigmund Freud was a(n):
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psychoanalytic theorist
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Claire is 1 year old and lives in a noisy, loving family home with her parents and five siblings. She receives much positive attention and has a trusting relationship with her family. According to Piaget, she will likely develop which of the following?
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a cognitive schema that families are as loving and loud as her working model
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One clear difference between father-infant and mother-infant interaction is that:
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babies seem to show more excitement for their fathers
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Rodney was raised in Idaho and enjoys the taste of beef liver cooked with onions. Sarah was raised in New York City and would never think of eating beef liver, but very much enjoys sushi. Which of the following might best explain these differences in food preference?
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social referencing
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Coordinated interaction between caregiver and infant is called
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synchrony
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Which of the following develops at around 6 weeks of age?
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the social smile
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Tammi age 4 months, and Dawn, age 13 months are left with a baby-sitter. How will they react?
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Dawn will probably show more distress than Tammi.
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The emotions of shame, pride, and embarrassment require that a person first:
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gain an awareness of other people.
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Which of the following may become the basis for early social understanding?
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cross-modal perception
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In a Canadian study, which of the following groups of children fared least well when cared for by someone other than their mothers during infancy?
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boys from high-income families
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Erickson's second stage of development is called:
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@ d. autonomy vs. shame and doubt.
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According to the New York Longitudinal Study, by approximately three months of age infants exhibit _____ temperamental traits.
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nine
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The research method most commonly used to study infant temperament is:
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scientific observation
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Leila's grandmother was so excited to see her for the first time that she rushed up, reached for her, and began to smother her with kisses. Unfortunately, Leila started to cry and turned away, but accepted her grandmother's approaches later in the day. Leila is most likely a(n):
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slow-to-warm baby
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Victor and Rosa want to enhance their synchrony with their 6-month-old daughter. They can best do this by:
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imitating her vocal and facial expressions.
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Which of the following is a sign of secure attachment?
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a child being willing to explore a new environment in the presence of the caregiver.
