Pre-APUSH Unit 2 Review Guide

• Worked on the Underground Railroad. • Nicknamed Moses • Harriet Tubman escaped slavery to become a leading abolitionist • leaving her husband and family behind in order to escape. • she returned to the South at least 19 times to lead her family and hundreds of other slaves to freedom via the Underground Railroad. • Tubman also served as a scout, spy and nurse during the Civil War.

• he Underground Railroad was neither underground nor a railroad. • It got its name because its activities had to be carried out in secret, • Was made by Harriet Tubman • It helped slaves run away • was a network of secret routes and safe houses

• drawn by 2 surveyors in the 18th century • it was to settle a boundary dispute between Maryland & Pennsylvania • eventually became the dividing line between slavery & freedom • Pennsylvania-Free State • Maryland-Slave State

• had long been a feature of American slavery, • but it deepened with the end of the African slave trade, which closed the cultural gap between slaves and owners. • obscured and justified slavery's brutality. • Owners thought themselves kind and responsible even while they bought, sold, and punished their slaves • Paternalism contributed to slaves' material improvements over time.

• Slave trade from Africa had been prohibited in 1808 by Congress • Slave trade within the US developed rapidly • More than 2 million slaves were sold between 1820 & 1860. • Auctions of slaves took place at public slave markets or at courthouses • Southern banks financed slave trading

• The largest concentration of slaves worked on plantations in the Cotton Region in the south where most of the cotton was produced Had an overseer, which was usually a slave Money earned from the cotton financed industry Cotton was the cash crop... produced ¾ of the worlds cotton North benefits from it even though they don't do much

• The best-known slave rebel was Nat Turner, -who believed that God had appointed him to lead a black rebellion. • Though he initially chose to launch his uprising on July 4, 1831, it was delayed until August, • After killing dozens of whites, Turner ; his followers were captured ; executed • In the aftermath, Virginia's legislature passed harsh laws further restricting slaves & the rights of free blacks.

Influential writer. one of the most prominent african american figures in the abolitionist movement. escaped from slavery in Maryland. he was a great thinker and speaker. published his own antislavery newspaper called the north star and wrote an autobiography that was published in 1845.

• don't own slaves because they were poor and they didn't need them • 3 out of 4 white families owned no slaves in the South • Many southern farmers lived outside the plantation belt & used family labor to raise livestock & grow food for their own use • Some poorer whites resented the power & privileges of the great planters • Most poor whites made their peace with the planters in whose hands economic & social power was concentrated

• In a few cases, large groups of rebellious slaves gained their freedom. • The most famous case involved the slaves aboard the Amistad, a slave ship off the Cuban coast, in 1839. • After they seized the ship, the slaves sailed the ship up the American coast until it was seized. • While President Martin Van Buren wanted to return the slaves to Cuba, abolitionists helped the slaves sue for freedom, & in the Supreme Court, former President John Quincy Adams defended them. • Adams argued that since the slaves had been brought from Africa in violation of international treaties banning the slave trade, they should be freed.

• it was In 1822 made by Denmark Vessey, • he was a slave carpenter in Charleston, South Carolina, • he organized a rebellion. • He quoted the Bible & the Declaration of Independence to justify armed resistance. • His plot was discovered before it was implemented, & Vessey and thirty-four other blacks were executed.

• Gabriel's Rebellion in 1800 was followed in 1811 by an uprising on sugar plantations in Louisiana, in which several hundred armed slaves who tried to march on New Orleans were defeated in a bloody encounter with militia and federal troops. -1800, A literate black slave that lived in the Richmond area launched a large scale slave revolt. Governor Monroe quickly crushed the rebellion.

One country that haven't abolished it yet It divided our country -Slavery was seen as unique to southern society -a euphemism for slavery and the economic ramifications of it in the american south. the term aimed to explain away the seeming contradiction of legalized slavery in a country whose declaration of independence states that "all men are created equal". it was one of the key causes of the civil war. -Slavery was also seen as peculiar because the U.S was one of the only countries that hadn't abolished it -The peculiar institution divided the country-sectionalism-made difficult relations between south and north

SLAVERY AND RACE DETERMINED ONE'S SOCIAL STANDING AS WELL AS THE GENERAL ECONOMY OF THE OLD SOUTH - slavery created racial lines between black and white southerners - slavery also created class lines between southerners - 'plain folk' who could not afford slaves lived entirely different lives than the rich planter class. Rich people formed an aristocracy while uneducated poor people were condemned to a life of poverty.

Impacted out economy - 'Cotton is King' and 'White gold' exportation formed the backbone of the South's economy - very wealthy planter who produced/exported this crop relied entirely on slavery

Slaves did not vote and were denied basic rights. They could not own dogs, firearms, or liquor. They also were prohibited from striking a white person even if it was self-defense. They were also restricted to being engineers, blacksmith's, and weavers. Legal -Court (could not testify) -Could not be taught literacy -Their marriages weren't really held sacred. -No firearms -Need travel papers Material -No firearms -No Dogs -No property -Were themselves property

For slaves, unlike whites, males were not higher than females on the social hierarchy pyramid; they were equal. Because the slave community was discriminated against, it brought them closer together like one big family. Their culture reflected that as they "never abandoned their desire for freedom or their determination to resist total white control over their lives" (436). They had a "semi-independent"(436) culture as their lives outside of being a slave revolved around "the family and church" (436). -Slaves adopted Christianity from their masters and looked to the stories about Moses and Exodus as a sign that they would one day be delivered from their bondage

The Amistad, slave revolts, Nat Turner's Rebellion -Also included smaller things like Labor Slowdowns, Breaking Tools, Running Away, Underground Railroad, Songs as communication, "stupidness" to get out of working