Ch 6 Feedback, Reinforcement, Intrinsic Motivation
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What is reinforcement?
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-the use of rewards and punishment which increase or decrease the likelihood of a similar response occurring in the future
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What are the principles of reinforcement?
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-if doing something results in a good consequence (such as being rewarded)= people tend to repeat the behavior to achieve additional positive reinforcement -if doing something results in an unpleasant consequence (being punished)= people tend not to repeat the behavior to avoid more consequences
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Why are the principles of reinforcement complex?
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-not linear -people react differently to same reinforcement -people are unable to repeat desirable behaviors -people receive different reinforcers in different situations
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What is a positive approach to influence behavior?
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-focusing on rewarding appropriate behavior, which increases the likelihood of desirable responses occurring in the future
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What is a negative approach to influence behavior?
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-focuses on punishing undesirable behaviors, which should lead to future redirection of these inappropriate behaviors
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What type of approach do sports psychologists agree on?
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-predominant approach should be positive because the negative approach often instills fear in participants
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What is the TARGET approach to creating a positive motivational climate?
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-create a mastery-oriented climate by manipulating the following environmental conditions using the TARGET principle -Tasks- focus on learning and task involvement -Authority- allow ppl to participate in decision-making process -Rewards- reward for improvement, not social comparison -Groupings- create cooperative learning climates within groups -Evaluation- have numerous evaluations focusing on personal improvement -Timing- use proper timing for all these conditions
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What are the principles of positive reinforcement?
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-choose effective reinforcers(social, material, activity, special outings) -choose timing or schedule of reinforcement -early learning- continuous and immediate reinforce. -learned skill- intermitten and immediate reinforce -Reward appropriate behaviors-Choose proper behaviors to award -shape or reinforce successful approximations of diff behaviors -reward performance, outcome, effort, emotional and social skill
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What should you provide when providing performance feedback?
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-provide knowledge of results (feedback regarding correctness of an action) -provide sincere and contingent feedback -provide motivational and instructional feedback -use varied types of feedback-verbal praise, facial expressions, and pats on the back
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What are inappropriate approaches to motivation?
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-focus on criticism -focus on criticism with sarcasm -use physical abuse -employ guilt -ignore completely
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What percentage of reinforcement should be positive?
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-80-90
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What support is there for punishment?
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-serve as useful educational purpose (maintain stability, order, mastery) -can deter future cheating or wrong doing
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What drawbacks are there for punishment?
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-can arouse fear of failure -act as a re-inforcer -can create an unpleasant, aversive learning environment
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What are the guidelines for using punishment?
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-be consistent -punish the behavior, not the person- the behavior needs to change -allow athlete's input in making up punishments-giving level of control -do not use PA as punishment -make sure punishment is not perceived as reward or simply as attention -impose punishment impersonally, inform person, don't yell or berate -don't punish for making errors while playing -don't embarrass individuals in front of teammates or classmates -use punishment sparingly, but enforce it when used
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What is contingency management?
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-behavioral coaching and behavior modification
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How have behavioral techniques been used to modify behaviors in sport and physical education?
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-feedback reinforcement in football -behavioral coaching in golf -recording and shaping in bball -improving attendance -addressing inappropriate behaviors in tennis
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What are principles of behavior programs?
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-target the behaviors you want to change -define targeted behaviors -record behaviors -provide meaningful feedback -state outcomes clearly -tailor reward systems
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What are ways to choose and monitor target behaviors?
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-direct observation of single behaviors -behavioral checklists for recording multiple behaviors -athlete self-monitoring -videotape of practice, precomp and competition -postperformance videotape reconstruction of verbal behavior
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People who have intrinsic competition do what?
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-strive inwardly to be competent and self-determining in their quest to master the task at hand -enjoy competition like the action and excitement, focus on having fun, and want to learn skills to the best of their ability -most autonomous, self-determined
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What are social factors influencing intrinsic motivation?
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-success and failure (attributes) -focus of competition (task/outcome) -coaches' behavior
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What are psych factors influencing intrinsic motivation?
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-need for competence, autonomy, relatedness
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What is passion?
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-strong inclination and desire toward an activity one likes, finds important, and invests time and energy in
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What is harmonious passion?
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-strong desire to engage in an activity freely as it becomes part of one's identity
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What is obsessive passion?
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-an uncontrollable desire to participate in an activity that does not become part of one's identity
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-What does research show about intrinsic motivation and extrinsic rewards?
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-research shows that being paid for working on an intrinsically interesting activity can decrease a person's intrinsic motivation for the activity
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-What is the cognitive evaluation theory?
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-how rewards are perceived is critical in determining whether intrinsic motivation increases or decreases
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What are the controlling aspects in cognitive eval theory?
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-rewards perceived to control a person decrease intrinsic motivation vs. rewards that contribute to an internal locus of causality increase intrinsic motivation
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What are informational aspects in cognitive eval theory?
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-rewards that provide info and positive feedback about competence increase intrinsic motivation vs rewards that suggest the person is not competent decrease intrinsic motivation
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What is the functional significance of the event?
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-how a reward affects intrinsic motivation depends on whether the recipient perceives it to be more controlling or more informational
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How can extrinsic rewards affect intrinsic motivation in sport?
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-scholarships- athletic scholarships can either decrease or increase athletes' levels of intrinsic motivation, effects depend on which is more emphasized by the coach- controlling or information aspects -competitive success and failure- success increases intrinsic motivation and failure decreases intrinsic motivation -Feedback- positive feedback increases intrinsic motivation
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What are high levels of intrinsic motivation related to?
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-playing for an autonomous versus controlling coach -participating in a recreational vs. competitive league -high versus low perceived competence -high vs. low perceived control
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What are other determinants of intrinsic motivation?
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-give rewards contingent on performance -use verbal and nonverbal praise -vary content and sequence of practice drills -involve participants in decisions -set realistic performance goals
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What is FLOW?
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-special case for intrinsic motivation -holistic, intrinsically motivating sensation that people feel when they are totally involved in an activity or are on auto pilot
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Describe essential elements of flow
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-balance of one's perceived challenges and skills -complete absorption in the activity -set clear goals -merging of action and awareness \"on a roll\" -total concentration on task (in the zone) -loss of self-consciousness -sense of control (not worried about win vs. loss) -no goals or rewards external to activity -transformation of time -effortless movements
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Describe the flow model
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challenge high, skills high= flow challenge low, skills high= boredom challenge high, skills low= anxiety challenge low, skills low=apathy
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What are controllable flow states
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-athletes cannot control flow -athletes can increase probability of flow occurring
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What are achievement flow states?
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-be motivated to perform (balance between goals and skills) -achieve optimal arousal before performing -maintain appropriate focus -use precompetitive and competitive plans and preparation -achieve optimal physical preparation and readiness -experience optimal environmental and situational conditions -exhibit confidence and positive mental attitude -have positive team play and interaction -feel good about performance
