Sociology Chapter 18: Collective action and social movement
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Collective action
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Action that takes place in groups and diverges from the social norms of the situation.
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Crowd Collective action
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Collective action where one must be face to face with the other members of your group
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Mass collective action
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Collective action where people are not face to face with their group, but try to help the cause through media, petitions, etc.
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Convergence Theory
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Theory of collective action stating that collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place
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Contagion Theory
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Claims that collective action arises because of people's tendency to conform to the behavior of others that they are in close contact with
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Emergent Norm Theory
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Emphasizes the influence of keynoters in promoting new behavioral norms
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Value-Added Theory
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Coined by Neil Smelser, he says that there are six conditions that are required for a movement to coalesce and achieve a successful outcome. There must be social strain, the people must be able to agree on a problem, people must be free to act on their grievance, there must be a spark that ignites the controversy, people need to gather in an organized fashion, and lastly there must be a failure of social control by established power holders.
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Social Movement
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Collective behavior that is purposeful, organized, and institutionalized but not ritualized
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Alterative Social movement
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Social movements that seek the most limited societal change and often target a narrow group of people
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Redemptive Social Movement
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Social movements that target specific groups but advocate for more radical change in behavior
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Reformative Social movement
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Social movements that advocate for limited social change across and entire society
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Revolutionary Social Movements
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social movements that advocate the radical reorganization of society
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Classical Model
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Model of social movements that is based on a concept of structural weakness in society that results in the psychological disruption of individuals
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Resource-Mobilization Theory
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Model of social movements that emphasizes political context and goals but also states that social movements are unlikely to emerge without necessary resources
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Political process model
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model of social movements that focuses on the structure of political opportunities. When these are favorable to a particular challenger, the chances are better for the success of a social movement led by this challenger.
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Emergence
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First stage of a social movement, occurring when the social problem being addressed is first identified
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Coalescence
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The second stage of a social movement, in which resources are mobilized around the problem outlined in the first stage
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Routinization or institutionalization
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The final stage of the movement, in which it is institutionalized and a formal structure develops to promote the cause
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Social movement organizations
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A group developed to recruit new members and coordinate participation in a particular social movement ; these groups also often raise money, clarify goals, and structure participation
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Professional movement organization
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Social movement organization that has a full staff dedicated to the movement and a large membership base.
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Participatory Movement organization
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Social movement organization where the rank and file membership is directly involved.
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Grassroots organization
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A type of social movement organization that relies on high levels of community-based membership participation to promote social change. It lacks a hierarchal structure and works through existing political structures.
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Alexis de Tocqueville
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Wrote that the us have commercial and industrial associations in which all take part, but they also have a thousand other kinds. In democratic societies citizens enjoy greater equality than in aristocratic societies
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Pre modernity
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Simmel said this time period is described by social relations characterized by concentric circles of social affiliation, a low degree of division of labor, relatively undeveloped tech, and traditional social norms.
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Modernity
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Simmer said this is characterized by social relations characterized by rationality, bureaucratization, and objectivity - as well as individuality created by non concentric, but overlapping, group affiliations.
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Postmodernity
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Social relations characterized by a questioning of the notion of progress and history, the replacement of narrative with pastiche, and multiple, perhaps even conflicting, identities resulting from disjointed affiliations
