ICC music appreciation Final

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The two outstanding Classical composers of the late eighteenth century were

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Haydn and Mozart

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The musical center of the Classical style, and the city where Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven all lived and worked was

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Vienna

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It was the French who articulated and defended the ideas that led to the Age of Reason, but they freely acknowledged their debt to the English for pointing the way toward the intellectual movement called the

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Enlightenment

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Which Classical composer accepted the social and artistic restrictions of court employment?

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Haydn

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The overall design of a work is called its

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Form

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The two outstanding composers of the Classical period were

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Mozart and Haydn

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Among instrumental forms, the __________ experienced the greatest development and offered composers the widest field for creativity during the mid-1700s.

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Symphony

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Who was employed as a court composer by the same noble family for nearly thirty years?

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Franz Joseph Haydn

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A __________ is a multi-movement work played by an orchestra and originally based on the Italian sinfonia consisting of three movements (fast-slow-fast).

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Symphony

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A Classical concerto usually has __________ movements.

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Three

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A Classical concerto usually had at least one passage, called a __________, which was improvised by the soloist alone.

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Cadenza

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Where does the cadenza usually occur in a concerto?

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Towards the end of the movement

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The most popular Classical small ensemble was the

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String Quartet

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The Classical string quartet consisted of

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Two violins, viola and cello

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. In a Classical string quartet, the person playing __________ serves as the leader of the group.

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First violin

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. A Classical string quartet usually consists of __________ movements.

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Four

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The three main sections of the Classical sonata-allegro form are the

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Exposition, development, and recapitulation

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The three main sections of the Classical sonata-allegro form are the

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Coda

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The third movement of many Classical symphonies, sonatas, and string quartets is a

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minuet and trio

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One form of a classical rondo is

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A B A C A

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One of history's most tragic figures, __________, began his performing career as a child prodigy

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Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

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The introductory orchestra piece of an opera is called the

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overture

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Light in mood and concerned with everyday characters and events, __________ operas developed in several countries during the eighteenth century.

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comic

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The opera buffa introduced the __________ to bring an act or an opera to a musically and dramatically exciting close.

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finale

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Just before he died, Mozart composed a __________.

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Requiem

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__________ was one of the first major composers to use metronome markings.

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Beethoven

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__________, who had the reputation of being the best pianist in Vienna, was afflicted in his late twenties with an ear disease that eventually led to total deafness.

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Beethoven

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For the third movement of his symphonies, Beethoven often replaced the traditional minuet with the lighter, faster _______, altering the tempo and the mood of the movement while preserving the three-part design.

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Scherzo and trio

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Beethoven liked to combine forms: the __________ retains the key relationship of the sonata-allegro but alternates themes in the fashion of a rondo.

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sonata-rondo

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It is customary to divide Beethoven's work into _____ periods.

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Three

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Who was the transitional figure who composed in both the Classical and Romantic styles and the only "Viennese" composer who was actually from Vienna?

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Franz Schubert

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The term universally applied to German art songs is

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Lieder

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Some of Schubert's most effective songs are organized in song sets with texts by the same poet called

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cycles

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In the "Erlkönig" Schubert uses the piano to suggest

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the galloping horse

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Nineteenth-century writers, painters, and musicians were highly __________ in their approach to the arts, vividly expressing their most intimate and personal thoughts and experiences in the effort to assert their individual personalities.

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subjective

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During the Romantic period, art was largely supported by the __________ class, who were willing and generally able to pay for what they appreciated.

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middle

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During the early part of the nineteenth century, history was of great interest; later in the century, the public became more interested in __________ than history, as geology proved how brief the period of recorded history was in comparison with the time humans had lived on earth.

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science

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Two Englishmen, Constable and Turner, were the greatest of all __________ painters, in accordance with their romantic love and reverence for nature.

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landscape

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Using the same melody in more than one movement of a large work is called

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cylic form

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The variation of thematic or melodic material for programmatic purposes is called

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thematic transformation

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The orchestral compositions built upon literary or other extra-musical ideas used by Romantics were called

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programs

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A new symphonic form that mated literary and musical concepts was called the

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concert overture

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__________, a Russian composer who studied law as a young man, became a cosmopolitan composer more influenced by the West than by his native land.

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Peter Tchaikovsky

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Romantic multimovement symphonic compositions which had literary and programmatic orientations were called __________ symphonies

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program

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__________, who originally studied to become a doctor, later entered the Paris Conservatory and won the Prix de Rome, whereupon he left Paris for a year of study in Italy.

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Hector Berlioz

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A one-movement orchestral work conceived as a kind of "poem without words" was called

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symphonic poem

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Franz Liszt created the __________, a major innovation in the field of Romantic orchestral music.

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Symphonic poem

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__________ was born in Hamburg, Germany, in the same year that Abraham Lincoln was born in Hardin, Kentucky, but had every advantage of education and experience his wealthy family could offer.

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Felix Mendelssohn

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When Mendelssohn was only twenty years old, he organized and conducted J. S. Bach's __________ in its first performance in a hundred years.

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St. Matthew Passion

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__________ was an outstanding pianist and composer, as was her more famous brother.

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Fanny Mendelssohn

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Instrumental music based upon abstract principles of music rather than upon a text or program is called __________ music.

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Absolute

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__________ is better remembered today for his virtuosity as a violinist than as a composer.

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Paganini

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The ideal solo romantic instrument was the

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piano

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__________ was a child prodigy who was carefully trained as a pianist by Schumann's piano instructor and who established a highly successful career as a concert pianist and teacher at a prestigious conservatory of music.

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Clara Wieck

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The most important composer of piano music in the Romantic period and style was

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Chopin

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__________, the "poet of the piano," was born in Poland, but lived most of his life in Paris, France.

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Frederic Chopin

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Short, highly subjective piano compositions are called __________ pieces.

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Character

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A term for a romantic rhythmic technique that means "robbing" is

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Rubato

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__________ was an influential and gifted Romantic composer whose life was marred by depression and mental instability.

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Robert Schumann

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Robert Schumann discovered that the mating of __________ and music in the art song was his ideal mode of expression.

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Words

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Robert Schumann wrote several beautiful sets of songs called

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Cycles

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Opéra comique was originally known for using __________ in some scenes.

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Spoken Dialogue

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The opera Carmen, first performed in 1875, was composed by

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Georges Bizet

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The finest Italian composer of the nineteenth century was

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Giuseppe Verdi

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Verdi's famous opera __________ was based on Shakespeare's tragedy.

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Aida

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Some Italian composers of the late Romantic period portrayed realistic, everyday characters in their operas called

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Verismo

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The leader of the Romantic movement to write verismo opera was

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Giacomo Puccini

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The most important composer of German music theater in the late nineteenth century was

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Richard Wagner

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In Wagner's dramatic works, the orchestra was of unprecedented significance, weaving melodic fragments and chords called __________ throughout the orchestral texture

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Leitmotifs

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While opera buffa, Singspiel, and opéra comique found favor in their respective homelands, Gilbert and Sullivan created a unique operetta for __________ audiences.

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English

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__________ was an Irishman who became one of England's favorite composers, mainly by composing a form of which he disapproved.

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Arthur Sullivan

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__________, a talented librettist and comic poet, wrote hilarious librettos for some of the world's most beloved operettas.

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W. S. Gilbert

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Brahms and __________ shared the distinction of making the best use of the choral ensemble during the Romantic period.

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Mendelssohn

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Post-Romanticism refers to the last stage and aftermath of __________ Romanticism, which was dominant throughout the late nineteenth century

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German

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__________, a leader of Post-Romantic composers, was strongly influenced by both Romanticism of Wagner and the Classicism of Mozart.

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Richard Strauss

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__________, best known for his powerful symphonies, used a huge orchestra and extensive range of orchestral colors.

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Gustav Mahler

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During the 1860s, a movement began in France that became known as Symbolism in the field of literature and as __________ in painting and music.

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Impressionism

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The first and greatest Impressionistic composer was

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Claude Debussy

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Debussy's __________, Pelleas et Melisande (1902), is the epitome of Impressionistic art and one of the great masterpieces of twentieth-century music.

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Opera

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__________, an Impressionistic composer, was primarily a classicist who used clearly defined melodic phrases, strong rhythms, and functional harmonies based on traditional key relationships.

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Maurice Ravel

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In America, __________ became known as the American Impressionist.

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Charles Griffes

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"The White Peacock" and "Pleasure Dome of Kubla Khan" were written for piano by

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Charles Griffes

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The musical masterpiece of Primitivism, Le Sacre du Printemps (The Rite of Spring), was written by Russian composer

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Igor Stravinsky

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Pierrot Lunaire, composed by Arnold Schoenberg, is a(n):

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Song cycle

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Schoenberg's music reflected the influence of the famous Viennese psychologist

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Sigmund Freud

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During the twentieth century, the most influential development was __________ twelve-tone technique, which many composers have adapted to their own personal styles of composition.

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Arnold Schoenberg's

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The twelve-tone technique was actually a logical extension of the extreme __________ used by Wagner.

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Chromaticism

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Webern's distinct separation of sounds is reminiscent of the visual technique called

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Pointillism

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The revolutionaries who have radically altered not only the traditional methods of composing and presenting music, but also the very concept of what constitutes music as opposed to noise are called

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Experimentalists

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An inventive nature, plus an unconventional upbringing, destined __________ to become an Experimentalist who made his living selling insurance.

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Charles Ives

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Charles Ives wrote provocative essays about important literary figures, including Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, and he portrayed some of them musically in his piano composition, the __________ Sonata.

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Concord

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__________, born in California and reared in an atmosphere that precluded allegiance to musical orthodoxy, loved Chinese music and modal church music, country fiddle tunes, early American hymns, and Irish folk tunes.

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Henry Cowell

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In The Tides of Mananaun, Henry Cowell introduced ________, groups of randomly selected notes played with the flat of the hand or the arm.

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Tone Clusters

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__________ conducted far-reaching experiments that extended the range of timbres that may be produced by a grand piano.

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Henry Cowell

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__________ studied composition with three important revolutionaries: Schoenberg, Varèse, and Cowell.

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John Cage

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In the 1940s, John Cage devised an economical means of expanding the range of a piano's sound by inventing the __________ piano.

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Prepared

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A group of French composers who embraced popular music, jazz, and theater music as an alternative to the "serious" artistic movements of the modern period were called

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Les Six

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The field of __________ is the scientific study of music.

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Musicology

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The study of music of specific cultures is the science of

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Ethnomusicology

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For Bela Bartók, the folk music of __________ provided the most refreshing and provocative stimulus for the composition of art music.

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Eastern Europe

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In addition to his talents as a composer and scholar, Bartók was also an accomplished

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Pianist

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Bartók's serious and scientific study of __________ music led him to become one of the first and finest ethnomusicologists.

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Folk

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One of Bartók's early piano pieces, Allegro barbaro, has the narrow melodies, repetitive motives, and sharp, pounding rhythms associated with

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Primitivism

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Bartók wrote the Mikrokosmos, a set of six __________ of graded difficulty.

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Piano books

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Bartók's __________ are considered the finest since Beethoven's and are often compared with those of the late Viennese master for their strength and complexity.

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String quartets

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The father of twentieth century neoclassicism

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Igor Stravinsky

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. Stravinsky's ballet __________ is often cited as the first work in the Neoclassical style.

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Pulcinella

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During the two decades between World Wars I and II, a renewed interest in the music of Bach and Haydn developed, resulting in __________ overshadowing all other styles.

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Neoclassism

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. Prokofiev's Symphony no. 1, the Classical, was intended to sound as if ________ had written it in the twentieth century.

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Haydn

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. __________ approached the composition of music more as a craft than as an art; he played many orchestral instruments well and therefore knew how to write effectively for them.

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Paul Hindemith

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In the early 1920s, __________ led the first generation of American composers determined to devote their professional lives to writing music

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Aaron Copland

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An enormous influence on several generations of American composers, __________ was a gifted composition teacher who encouraged students to find their own, individual styles.

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Nadia Boulanger

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Gershwin composed the best-known opera by an American composer,

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Porgy and Bess

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The first African American composer of Western art music to achieve significant success was

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William Grant Still

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Certain dissonances, a free adaptation of tonal principles, and nontraditional combinations of voices and instruments combined with an emotionally expressive style are all features of contemporary

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Neoromanticism

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__________, who was a singer before he became a composer, wrote songlike melody lines for his instrumental and vocal compositions, sensitive text settings, and expressive orchestration, making him one of the most appreciated contemporary composers.

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Samuel Barber

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Philip Glass has evolved a style of music that is sometimes referred to as

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Minimalism

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__________ was the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Music, in 1983

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Ellen Taaffe Zwilich

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Leonard Bernstein's musical West Side Story is a modern retelling of Shakespeare's

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Romeo and Juliet

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The first musical born of the prolific collaboration between Oscar Hammerstein and Richard Rodgers was

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Oklahoma

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___________ was a pianist, conductor, and composer who made significant contributions to the Broadway musical, most notably West Side Story.

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Leonard Bernstein

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The American composer of musicals Stephen Sondheim introduced ___________, which intentionally leave audiences wondering about their meaning and resolution.

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Concept Musicals

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_______________ dominated the musical stage on Broadway and in London during the 1980s and 1990s.

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Andrew Lloyd Webber

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The music for a movie, called the ________, builds a sense of continuity by filling awkward pauses in action or dialogue.

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Film Score

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__________ is often referred to as America's only truly original music, representative of its personality and soul.

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Jazz

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__________ consists of syncopated melody that was related to a favorite dance called the cakewalk.

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Ragtime

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Scott Joplin's first commercial success was __________ which allowed him to concentrate on his composing.

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Maple Leaf Rag

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__________ evolved in the American South sometime after the Civil War, as newly emancipated blacks, struggling in a hostile environment, lamented their hard lot in a new form of solo song.

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Blues

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Although it is closely related to its vocal model, the piano blues, also known as __________, is happy in mood and brisk in tempo.

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Boogie Woogie

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Boogie-woogie has an improvised, syncopated melody over a distinctive, rhythmic __________ repeated in the bass.

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Ostinato

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__________ was an important figure in the transition from ragtime to the New Orleans style of jazz.

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Jelly Roll Morton

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__________ was an early jazz soloist whose improvisations on trumpet and cornet combined technical brilliance, melodic inventiveness and extraordinary emotional depth.

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Louis Armstrong

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In the 1920s, white musicians first imitated the New Orleans style in what became known as __________ jazz.

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Dixieland

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In 1924, __________ jazz was introduced at a Carnegie Hall concert of jazz-influenced compositions, including George Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue.

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Symphonic

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__________ made swing famous in the mid-1930s.

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Benny Goodman

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Highly improvisatory, __________ has a fast tempo and a danceable beat, a "big band" version of what the early jazz musicians had been playing all along.

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Swing

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__________ was an outstanding jazz pianist, big band leader, and arranger who also wrote a number of impressive concert works.

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Duke Ellington

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Charlie "Bird" Parker and the great jazz trumpet player __________ returned to the early ideals of jazz: improvisation, virtuosity, and close musical interaction within the ensemble.

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Dizzie Gillespie

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__________ is considered the first modern jazz.

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Free Jazz

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In the 1950s, __________ jazz offered a more subdued style with lyrical melodies, using instruments not commonly associated with jazz.

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Cool

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Ornette Coleman and John Coltrane were among the leaders of __________ jazz in the 1960s.

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Free

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__________ music combines the instrumentation of concert music with the improvisation of jazz in a manner that preserves the style and integrity of each.

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Third Stream

ICC music appreciation Final

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