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Memory

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The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information. Example: Memories of 1st grade math

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Encoding

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The processing of information into the memory system- for example, by extracting meaning. Example: Understanding what a word means, and therefore encoding it into your memory.

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Storage

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The retention of encoded information over time. Example:My memories are in my brain (stored)

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Retrieval

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The process of getting information out of memory storage. Example: During a test, I retreive the information I learned.

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Sensory Memory

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The immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system. Example: It was hot last summer

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Short-term Memory

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Activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the information is stored or forgotten. Example: License plate number of a car to be reported to the police

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Long-term Memory

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The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system, includes knowledge, skills, and experiences. Example: How to do addition

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Working Memory

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A newer understanding of short-term memory that focuses on conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory. Example: essentially a fancy name for short-term memory

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Automatic Processing

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Unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings. Example: Walking to class on the first day of school, unconsciously process the way to class

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Effortful Processing

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Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Example: Trying to memorize information for a test.

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Rehearsal

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The conscious repetition of information, either to maintain it in consciousness or to encode it for storage. Example: Repeating a list over and over

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Spacing Effect

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The tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice. Example: Learning how to be a good driver over a period of many years

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Serial Position Effect

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Our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list. Example: Favorite animal experiment in Psych

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Visual Encoding

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The encoding of picture images. Example: Watching a movie

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Acoustic Encoding

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The encoding of sound, especially the sound of words. Example: Poetry or listening to music

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Semantic Encoding

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The encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words. Example: Deriving the meaning of the words of a poem or song

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Imagery

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Mental pictures, a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding. Example: envisioning a war to remember events for a history test

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Mnemonics

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Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices. Example: PEMDAS (please excuse my dear aunt sally)- Parentheses, Exponents, Multiplication, Division, Addition, Subtraction; SOHCAHTOA

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Chunking

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Organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically. Example: Sectioning lists of things to memorize into manageable sections

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Iconic Memory

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A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli, a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second. Example: Remembering a list of words perfectly, but only for the few seconds it takes you to repeat it back, and then forget it.

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Echoic Memory

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A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli, if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds. Example: In one ear, out the other

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Long-term Potentiation

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An increase in a synapses firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. Example: Lots of LTP, better memory; less LTP, worse memory

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Flashbulb Memory

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A clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. Example: remembering a car crash in clear detail

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Amnesia

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The loss of memory. Example: Samantha Who? (TV show about a girl named Samantha who has amnesia after a car accident)

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Implicit Memory

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Retention independent of conscious recollection (nondeclarative memory) Example: riding a bike

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Explicit Memory

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Memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and \"declare\" (Declarative memory) Example: Facts

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Hippocampus

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A neural center that is located in the limbic system, helps process explicit memories for storage. Example: Facts go through the hippocampus

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Recall

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A measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier, as on a fill-in-the-blank test. Example: In Spanish, use recall to do tests.

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Recognition

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A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned, as on a multiple-choice test. Example: In Religion, need only recognition for tests.

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Relearning

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A measure of memory that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time. Example: Learning Calculus again next year in college.

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Priming

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The activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory. Example: Hear the word \"moo\", automatically think \"cow\"

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Deja Vu

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That eerie sense that \"I've experienced this before.\" Cues from the current situation may subconsciously trigger of an earlier experience. Example: Going into a classroom for the first time and feeling that you'd been there/experienced it before.

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Mood-Congruent Memory

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The tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood. Example: Remember bad or embarrassing things while in a bad mood, good things while in a good mood.

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Proactive Interference

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Proactive interference (forward acting) - when something you learned earlier disrupts your recall of something you experience later IE: when buying a new lock your memory of the old lock will interfere for the new combo PROACTIVE= KNOW old + So can't remember new

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Retroactive Interference

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Retroactive interference (backward acting) -occurs when new info. makes it harder to recall something you learned earlier...IE: think of rewind...Now the new stuff is remembered but the old stuff cannot remembered...Learn new password for new email and forget old pw RETROACTIVE= knowing the new + now you can't remember the old

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Repression

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In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories. Example: Repress memories of rape

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Misinformation Effect

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Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event. Example: Elizabeth Loftus

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Source Amnesia

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Attributing to the wrong source of an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined. Source amnesia, along with the misinformation effect, is at the heart of many false memories. Example: Thinking that something happened to you, when it was really only a memory of someone telling you a story.

AP Psych: Chapter 8- Memory

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