Essay on Radiography Study Guide
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Who discovered x-rays?
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Wilhem Conrad Roentgen
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Who owns the radiographs?
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the dentist
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Different types of electromagnetic radiation?
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-primary -secondary -scatter
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Primary Radiation?
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Consists of high energy, short wavelengths, x-ray traveling in a straight line. Often called primary beam and is useful x-ray that produces the diagnostic image of the x-ray.
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Secondary Radiation?
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forms when primary strikes the patient on contact matter (any substance) waves transferred into longer wavelengths that lose their energy
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Scatter (secondary)
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deflected from its path as it strikes matter. this radiation scatters in all directions and therefore presents the most serious danger to the operation. stand behind shield out of path of primary beam
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Types of radiographs?
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Bitewing, periapical, occlusal, panoramic, FMS or FMX
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Bitewing
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picture of crowns, interproximal space, aveolar bone, all of these in both maxillary and mandibular arches. detects carries, calculus, and bone levels.
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Periapical
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asses teeth, bone, and surrounding tissue. diagnose abnormalities and pathological conditions. shows tooth development and eruption stages.
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Occlusal
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expose the maxillary and mandibular occlusal surface of the dental arch . can be used alone on supplemented by PAx or bitewing (mostly for children)
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Panoramic
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shows entire dental arch (maxillary and mandibular) in one film. goof for patients who are edentulous (toothless) or patients w/ trismus( limited opening of the mouth) shows the TMJ and third molar (wisdom teeth) extractions.
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FMS or FMX
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full mouth series, taken every 3-5 years don't put in kids mouth series
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Milliamperage (mA)
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determines the amount on quantity of electrons. measurement of for electric current. average mA's is 10-15 and for newer machine 7mA's
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Kilovoltage (kVp)
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determines the quality of penetrating power of the central beam. the higher the kv, the greater the penetration power of the x-rays and the less exposure time required
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Exposure time (adults vs. children)
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depends on film speed, child or adult, and kv and mA settings
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Film speeds
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crystal sixe in emulsion. regulates speed. longer crystal means faster
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Biologic effects on cells and tissues
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low level radiation that does not cause damage that cannot be repaired within cells. long term effects cataracts and cancer
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wavelengths simple definition
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electromagnetic radiation with longer wavelengths are visible light, television, and radio waves. electromagnetic radiation with shorter wavelengths are x-rays and gamma rays.
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Paralleling technique
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most commonly used and is highly recommended by the ADA. it is accurate and there is less exposure to the patients head and neck, and the technique is easier and requires less less guesswork. however it can be uncomfortable for small children, adults with sensitive mouths, or for patients with low palatal results. requires the film packet and long axis of tooth parrallel
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Bisecting technique
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oldest form of taking x-rays . it is for a specific x-ray not for routine ( bitewing, PAx, or occlusal) disadvantages would be image distortion and increased exposure to the patients finger and hand
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RINN XCP
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film holder used to secure film and prevent bending , give correct cone placement, RINN recommended by ADA, others are snaparay and hemostats
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Manual tank chemical temp
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70 degress
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Manual Tank processing times
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-place the tank cover on the processing tank. set the timer for 4 minutes, if the temp of the developer is 70 degrees - timer goes off x-ray rack from developer, run water through let it rinse for 30 sec. - fixing solution 8 min - final wash 20 min
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Manual Tank processing errors
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Light and dark, partial images, overlapped films, clear film, fogging
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processing error (light and dark)
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light is under developed and dark is over developed
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processing error ( partial images)
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processing solution is too low
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processing error ( overlapped)
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film fixed and developed into each other that means they need more time
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processing error ( clear film)
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not exposed
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processing errors (fogging)
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outdated film, unproper storage, light leaking into processing room.
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What is a daylight loader? (automatic processing)
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Method for developing radiographic films without a darkroom. flexible apparatus allows you to insert your hands into a dark space without admitting any light. insert x-ray films and remove protective packet
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Advantages of automatic processing
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-less processing time - auto control for time and temp - less equipment -less space - no dark room needed if daylight loader is used
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waste management for automatic processing
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- developer - fixer -film
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waste management (developer)
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not hazardous
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waste management (fixer)
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silver making them hazardous
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waste management (film)
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lead in packet collected and recycled
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temp for automatic processing
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80 degrees and above usually 82 degrees to 85 degrees
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operator errors
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-scratches -white or black images - static electricity artifacts - fingerprints
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Scratches (operator errors)
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emulsion torn or scratched by fingernail whit area or mark shows on x-ray
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White or black images (operator errors)
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rollers are dirty
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Static electricity artifacts
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small charge of electricity
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fingerprints
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can use finger on x-ray
