psych chpts 1-3

Q: Gestalt psychology

experiencing the \"whole\" developed in opposition to structuralism max wertheimer + wolfgang kohler

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Wilhelm Wundt

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established 1st psychological laboratory focused on consciousness/reaction time

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three early schools

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structuralism functionalism psychoanalysis

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Structuralism

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early approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements

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Functionalism

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purpose of the conscious mind an early school of psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose, or function, of mind + behavior

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Psychoanalysis

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conscious + unconscious mind

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Freud

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used psychoanalysis to treat unconscious mental forces that conflicted with acceptable behavior + produced psychological disorders

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Freuds goal

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to understand how unconscious thoughts cause psychological disorders

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Gestalt psychology

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experiencing the "whole" developed in opposition to structuralism max wertheimer + wolfgang kohler

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Gestalt theory

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the idea that the whole of personal experience is different from simply the sum of its parts

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behaviorism

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stimuli + responses John B Watson A psychological approach that emphasizes the role of environmental forces in producing behavior

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subfields of psychology

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cognitive psychology social psychology clinical psychology developmental psychology personality psychology cultural psychology

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psychology

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the study of mental activity + behavior which are based on brain process the discipline concerned with behavior + mental proesses + how they are affected by physical state, mental state, + external environment

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scientific method

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a systematic procedure of observing + measuring phenomena to answer questions about what happens, when it happens, what causes it + why.

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5 steps in scientific method

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theories-hypothesis generation-hypothesis testing-data-facts

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Theory

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First step a model of interconnected ideas or concepts that explains what is observed + makes predictions about future events

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Hypothesis

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second step a specific prediction of what should be observed if a theory is correct

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testing the hypothesis

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third step there are 3 main types of research methods to test your question -descriptive -correlational -experimental

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analyze the data

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fourth step see whether your hypothesis is supported -summarize the raw data using descriptive statistics, then use inferential statistics to determine whether differences exist

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report

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final step results + embarks on further inquiry

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Descriptive method

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a research method that provides a systematic + objective description of what is occuring

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observational studies

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specific type of descriptive method involoving systematically assessing + coding observable behavior -in lab or natural environments -with intervention or without developmental psychologists: baby's behavior evoluntionary psychologists: animals social psychologists: human interactions

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self-reports

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specific type of descriptive method questionnaires or surveys

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case studies

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specific type of descriptive method involve intensive examination of a few unique people or organizations

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types of research methods

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descriptive correlational experimental

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correlational studies

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type of research method looks for a relationship between two phenomena measure of how strongly two quantifiable characteristics of behavior are related to eachother

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positive correlation

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an association between increases in both variables

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negative correlation

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an association between increases in one variable but decreases in the other

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correlation coefficient

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statistical measure of correlation indicates size + direction of correlation often graphed using scatterplots

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experimental method

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a research method that tests casual hypothesis by manipulation independent variables + measuring the effects on dependent variables

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experimental group

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participants in an experiment who are exposed to the manipulation of the independent variable

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control group

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participants in an experiment who are not exposed to the manipulation of the independent variable

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confound

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anything that affects a dependent variable + that may unintentionally vary between the study's different experimental conditions

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random assignments

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removes confounds placing research participants in the conditions of an experiment such that each participant has an equal chance of being assigned to any level of the independent variable

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WEIRD sample

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western educated industrialized rich democratic

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descriptive statistics

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statistical procedures that organize + summarize research data use mean + standard deviation Median mode

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Median

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the value that is directly in the middle

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mode

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the most frequent number

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When Rita was deciding which type of cell phone to purchase, she tried to compare prices, features, and quality systematically before making a final decision. Which key term best describes Rita's approach to buying a new phone

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Rita engaged in critical thinking to make a decision

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Sandy is pregnant, and every evening she plays classical music loud enough for the unborn baby to hear. She hopes that putting her baby in a stimulating environment will help it develop strong cognitive skills. Her husband thinks that playing the music is a waste of time, since the baby's intelligence will probably just be based on how smart he and Sandy are. What age-old issue are Sandy and her husband rehashing?

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the nature/nurture debate

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Which psychological school of thought sought to understand how the operations of the mind help people adapt to environmental demands

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functionalism

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Which phenomenon is difficult for behaviorism to explain

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Chimps learn to use twigs to fish for insects by watching other chimps.

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Professor Tanenhaus studies language, attention, and memory. Which level of analysis does his research target

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individual

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Ila is almost 80 years old, but she is mentally and physically active. Although she sometimes forgets where she put her keys, she is still better at crossword puzzles than anyone else in her family. What kind of psychologist researches how older adults like Ila maintain their mental abilities as they age

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developmental psychologists

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For her honors thesis, Kim wants to investigate whether font color affects how readers remember written descriptions of objects and places. Because the participants' behavior could be influenced if they know the study's goals, Kim decides to mislead them about the study. How can she deceive participants and still conduct her research in an ethical manner

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Kim must inform the participants of the study's true goals after the study is completed. She must also explain why deception was necessary.

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Ting has formed a theory that playing video games improves visual attention. If Ting wants to test this theory, what does he need to do next

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Ting needs to develop a hypothesis

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Your mother dislikes the fact that you spend your free time playing video games. She points to a newspaper article that says violence is correlated with video game use. Which of these is a scientifically effective counterargument for your mother

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Correlations do not imply causation, so the article does not provide evidence that playing video games will make you more violent.

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For his thesis, Alex surveyed college students and found a correlation between self-confidence and grade point average. Why did his advisor correct Alex when he attempted to conclude that good grades raise confidence levels

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Alex's data show an association, but they do not determine a causal relationship between confidence and grade point average

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cognitive psychology

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explore internal mental processes that influence behavior george miller ulric neisser

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social psychology

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investigate how the presence of others affects people's thoughts and actions

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biological psychology

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study how biological systems give rise to mental activity

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cognitive psychology/neuroscience

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study attention, perception, memory, problem solving, and language

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developmental psychology

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study how people change from infancy through old age

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personality psychology

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study enduring characteristics that people display over time + across circumstances

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cultural psychology

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study how people are influenced by the societal rules that dictate behavior in their cultures

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clinical psychology

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study factors tht cause psychological disorders and the best method to treat them

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industrial/organizational psychology

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study issues pertaining to industry and the workplace

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nervous system

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a network of billions of cells in the brain + the body responsible for all aspects of what we feel, think, + do has 3 basic functions

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3 basic functions of the nervous system

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1-receive sensory input from the world through vision, hearing, touch, taste + smell 1-process the information in the brain by paying attention to it, perceiving it, + remembering it 3-respond to the info by acting on it

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2 main parts of the nervous system

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central nervous system (CNS) peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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central nervous sytem

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consists of brain + spinal cord

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peripheral nervous sytem

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enables nerves to connect the CNS to the muscles, organs, + glands

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peripheral nervous system's two subdivisons

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1-somatic nervous syste 2-autonomic nervous sytem

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somatic nervous system

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subdivision of the PNS nerves connected to sensory receptors + skeletal muscles

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Autonomic nervous system

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subdivision of the PNS regulates functioning of blood vessels, glands, + internal organs contains the sympathetic + parasympathetic nervous sytem

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Sympathetic

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subdivision of the autonomic nervous system prepares body for function

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parasympathetic

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subdivison of the autonomic nervous system returns body to resting state

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neurons

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cells that conduct electrochemical signals basic unit of the nervous system receive, intergrade, + transmit info 4 parts- cell body, dendrites, axon, synapse

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cell body

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part of a neuron info is collected + intergrated

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dendrites

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part of a neuron branchlike extensions to detect, receive info

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axon

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part of the neuron a long, narrow outgrowth for transmission

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snapse

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part of the neuron where communication occurs

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how neurons communicate

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-begins in a resting state -inflow of sodium (Na+)/potassium (K+) causes an action potential -terminal buttons release chemicals called neurotransmitters

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neurotransmitters

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chemical substances that carry signals from one neuron to another

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excitatory

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increase the likelihood that it will fire

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inhibitory

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decrease the likelihood it will fire

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acetylcoline

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motor control between nerves + muscles (botox) attention, memory, learning, + sleeping (Alzheimer)

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epinephrine

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adrenaline energy (fight-or-flight response) dealing with threats form the environment norepinephrine-arousal+alertness

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serotonin

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emotional states, impulse control + dreaming mood disorders; prozac

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dopamine

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reward + motivation motor control over voluntary movement (Parkinson)

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GABA

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inhibition of action potentials anxiety reduction

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glutamate

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enhancement of action potentials (excitatory) learning +memory

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endorphins

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"runners high" pain reduction

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Franz Gall

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phrenology: analysis of personality based on the location + size of skull bumbs

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Paul Broca

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Broca's area: a small portion of the left frontal region of the brain;producing speech

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Electronencephalograph

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(EEG) an amplified recording of the electrical waves across the brain's surface

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functional magnetic resonance imaging

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(fMRI) measures changes in the blood's oxygen level

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transcranial magnetic stimulation

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(TMS) uses a very fast + powerful magnetic field to momentarily disrupt activity in a specific brain region

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3 major sections of the brain

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hindbrain midbrain forebrain

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hindbrain

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cerebellum + brain stem

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cerebellum

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hindbrain controls bodily balance+ muscular coordination motor + learning memory EX: riding a bike

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brain stem

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hindbrain closest to the brain stem controls basic functions of survival such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, circulation, coughing, swallowing

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midbrain

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contains several neural centers that control some motor reactions (substantia nigra) production of dopamine, the neurotransmitter for controlling motor function

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forbrain

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largest+most complex thalmus hypothalamus hippocampus amygdala basal ganglia

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thalmus

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relay system for all sensory information except smell

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hypothalamus

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regulation of basic biological needs fighting, fleeing, feeding, mating

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hippocampus

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memory

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amygdala

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fearful response, sexual arousal

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basal ganglia

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planning + producing movement

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outer layer of the forebrain

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cerebral cortex divided into two cerebral hemispheres, connected by corpus callosum occipital lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe frontal lobe

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occipital lobe

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region at the back of the brain important for vision

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temporal lobe

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processing auditory information + for perceiving objects + faces

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parietal lobe

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sense of touch + picturing the layout of spaces in an environment hemineglect

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frontal lobe

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front of the brain, important for movement + complex processes rational thought, attention, social processes

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prefrontal cortex

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the rest of the cerebral cortext 30% of the brain rational though, social life extraordinarily large prefrontal cortex makes humans unique in the animal kingdom

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phineas gage

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studying damaged brains

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genes

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the units of heredity which partially determine an organisms characteristics sex, eye color, intelligence, athletic talent

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genotype

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genetic makeup set at the moment of conception + never changes

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phenotype

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observable physical + psychological characteristics develops and changes height

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dizygotic twins

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fraternal twins two seperately fertilized eggs no more similar genetically than any other siblings

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adopted sibling

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share the same environments but different genes

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Thomas Bouchard

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U of Minnesota over 100 pairs of identical twins "jim twins"

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Michelle Mack

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missing left hemisphere right hemisphere took over the whole process nurture can influence nature

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plasticity

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a property of the brain that causes it to change through experience, drugs, or injury neurons that fire together, wire together brain reorganization

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Which of the following statements accurately describes the role of the neurotransmitter dopamine

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A lack of dopamine leads to disturbances in motor functioning

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When gardening, a bee stung Franco on the wrist, resulting in sharp pain. To experience pain in his wrist, Franco's nervous system had to do which three things with action potentials

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transmit; receive; integrate

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After suffering trauma to his brain, Jack experienced profound alterations in his personality. Prior to his accident he was a prudent, responsible employee. Afterward, he was childlike in mental capacity, impulsive, and unable to control his emotions. Jack's injuries were most likely located in which area of the brain

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prefrontal cortex

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Jenny has been a New York City taxi driver for 30 years. Mel is an ordinary driver in a small town. Based on Maguire and colleagues' 2003 research, if you compared the hippocampi of the two women, what would you expect to find

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Jenny's hippocampus would be larger than Mel's

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On the first day of class, the professor had the students go around the room introducing themselves. When it was Jason's turn to speak, he began to perspire, his heart raced, his hands were cold and clammy, and his respiration was rapid and shallow. Which of the following divisions of Jason's autonomic nervous system had been activated by this experience

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sympathetic

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When Debbie twisted her ankle while running, which nervous system transmitted information from specialized receptors in her ankle joint to her brain

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somatic

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Stanley likes to have a beer or two each day when he gets home from work. Given that his father and grandfather both struggled with alcoholism, should Stanley be concerned about his own drinking

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No—genes do not influence the predisposition to alcoholism.

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dualism

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brain + mind are seperated

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materialism

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the idea that the brain + the mind are inseparable + that the processing of the brain allows for the experiences of the mind

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consciousness

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the combination of a persons subjective experience of the external world + the persons mental activity blind sight

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subjective + private

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others cannot directly know our reality

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dynamic

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ever-chaning

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self-reflective

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mind is aware of its own consciousness

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jan grezeloski

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minimally conscious state for 19 years

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terri schiavoi

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spent more than 15 years in a persistent vegetative state

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fully conscious

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very alert difficulty/unfamiliar tasks-high level of consciousness EX: learning to drive well learned tasks-low level of consciousness EX: reading a textbook

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subliminal perception

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the processing of information by sensory systems without a persons awareness has little or no effect on complex thinking + actions

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global work space model

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consciousness is a product of activity in specific brain regions the key idea is that no single are of the brain is responsible for general awareness

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split brain

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brain surgery

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right visual field

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left hemisphere broca's area: produces language motor complex: process right side actions primary visual cortex: processes right visual field images

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left visual field

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right hemisphere no language abilities motor cortex: process left-side actions primary visual cortex:processes left visual field images

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the interpreter

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the sense-constructing activity in the left hemisphere is called the interpreter means the left hemisphere is interpreting what the right hemisphere has done

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circadian rhythms

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the regulation of biological cycles into regular, daily patterns suprachiasmatic nuclei melatonin: released in the brain that aids the regulation of circadian rhythms

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day time

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SCN active, inhibit melatonin: raises body temp + alertness

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night time

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SCN inactive, allows melatonin secretion to increase: promotes relaxation + sleepiness

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circadian rhythms promote readiness for sleep

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spend 1/3 asleep

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4 types of waves

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alert wakefulness-beta waves just before sleep-alpha waves stage one-theta waves stage 2-K-complex stage 3+4 - delta waves REM-beta waves

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stage one

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theta waves begins when sleepers drift off

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stage 2

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breathing becomes more regular sleepers become less sensitive to external stimulation K-complex

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stage 3+4

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slow-wave sleep/deep sleep large,regular delta waves hard to wake

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REM sleep

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beta wave awake, alert mind +sleepers experience rapid eye movements, dreaming, paralysis of motor systems

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the repeating sleep schedule

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go through the stages about 5 times

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dreams

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products of consciousness during sleep in which a person confuses images + fantasies with reality average person spends about 6 years of their life dreaming

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REM dreams

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more likely to be bizarre

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Non-REM dreams

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normal, like everyday life

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Sigmund Freud

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dreams represent hidden conflicts and that objects in dreams have special symbolic meanings

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manifest content

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visual information is seen in the dream + remembered by the dreamer

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latent content

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the meaning behind what is being visually manifested

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activation-synthesis theory

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dreams are the result of the brain's attempt to make sense of random brain activity by synthesizing the activity with stored memories

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insomnia

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an inability to sleep 12%-20% of adults more common in women than in men

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sleep apnea

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the throat closes and breathing stops, frequent awakenings during the night

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narcolepsy

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excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours, sometimes going limp and collapsing

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REM behavior disorder + sleepwalking

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act out their dreams while sleeping occurs during slow was sleep

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Hypnosis

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Maxime Nadeua experiences changes in memory, perception, and/or voluntary action

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posthypnotic suggestions

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a suggestion to not remember certain suggestions

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sociocognitive theory

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hypnotized people behave as they expect hypnotized people to behave, even if those expectations are faulty

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dissociation theory

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hypnosis as a truly altered state hypnosis is a trancelike state in which conscious awareness is separated or dissociated from other aspects of consciousness

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hypnotic analgesia

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pain reduction

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stimulants

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drugs that increase behavior and mental activity activate the sympathetic nervous system allow dopamine to remain in the synapse between neurons longer

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depressants

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decrease behavior and mental activity

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hallucinogenics

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drugs that change the subjective experiences of perceptions, thought, and emotion.

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stimulant examples

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cocain amphetamines caffeine meth nicotine

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hallucinogenics examples

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MDMA marijuana

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depressants examples

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alcohol opiates-heroin, morphine, codeine

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Your friend Alexa is worried that advertisers are using subliminal processing to manipulate the public. You want to help her demystify this issue. Which of these statements about subliminal processing is least accurate

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Material presented subliminally has a noticeable effect on complex thinking and actions.

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Patient N.K. with a split brain is shown a fork in her right visual field. Which of the following is most likely to be true?

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She can name the fork but will not be able to pick it up and use it with her left hand.

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Otto knows that humans depend greatly on vision, and he learned that we are adapted to sleeping at night because our early ancestors were vulnerable in the dark when they were unable to see hazards and predators. Which theory of the benefits of sleep does this represent?

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circadian rhythm theory

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Taimer is considering being hypnotized when she gives birth to her baby. She is hoping to achieve hypnotic analgesia, which will

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help her detach from emotional aspects of pain

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Evan is trying to convince his grandmother to begin a practice of daily meditation. He wants to tell her why meditation is worthwhile. According to some researchers, which benefits may correlate with meditation

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preserved cognitive functions improved blood pressure in heart patients structural changes in the brain

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