Concepts of Biology (Open Stax College) Chapter 4: How Cells Obtain Energy
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ATP synthase
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A membrane-embedded protein complex Regenerates ATP from ADP with energy from protons diffusing through it
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ATP
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The cell's energy currency
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adenosine triphosphate
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The cell's energy currency
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acetyl CoA
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The combination of an acetyl group derived from pyruvic acid and coenzyme A which is made from pantothenic acid (a B-group vitamin)
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activation energy
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The amount of initial energy necessary for reactions to occur
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active site
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A specific region on the enzyme where the substrate binds
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allosteric inhibition
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The mechanism for inhibiting enzyme action in which a regulatory molecule binds to a second site (not the active site) and initiates a conformation change in the active site, preventing binding with the substrate
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anabolic
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Describes the pathway that requires a net energy input to synthesize complex molecules from simpler ones
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anaerobic cellular respiration
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The use of an electron acceptor other than oxygen to complete metabolism using electron transport-based chemiosmosis
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bioenergetics
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The concept of energy flow through living systems
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catabolic
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Describes the pathway in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones, yielding energy as an additional product of the reaction
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chemiosmosis
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The movement of hydrogen ions down their electrochemical gradient across a membrane through ATP synthase to generate ATP
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citric acid cycle
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A series of enzyme-catalyzed chemical reactions of central importance in all living cells that harvests the energy in carbon-carbon bonds of sugar molecules to generate ATP; it is an aerobic metabolic pathway because it requires oxygen in later reactions to proceed
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competitive inhibition
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A general mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which a molecule other than the enzyme's substrate is able to bind the active site and prevent the substrate itself from binding, thus inhibiting the overall rate of reaction for the enzyme
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electron transport chain
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A series of four large, multi-protein complexes embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane that accepts electrons from donor compounds and harvests energy from a series of chemical reactions to generate a hydrogen ion gradient across the membrane
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endergonic
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Describes a chemical reaction that results in products that store more chemical potential energy than the reactants
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enzyme
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A molecule that catalyzes a biochemical reaction
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exergonic
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Describes a chemical reaction that results in products with less chemical potential energy than the reactants, plus the release of free energy
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feedback inhibition
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A mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which the product of a reaction or the final product of a series of sequential reactions inhibits an enzyme for an earlier step in the reaction series
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fermentation
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The steps that follow the partial oxidation of glucose via glycolysis to regenerate NAD+; occurs in the absence of oxygen and uses an organic compound as the final electron acceptor
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glycolysis
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The process of breaking glucose into two three-carbon molecules with the production of ATP and NADH
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heat energy
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The energy transferred from one system to another that is not work
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kinetic energy
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The type of energy associated with objects in motion
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metabolism
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All the chemical reactions that take place inside cells, including those that use energy and those that release energy
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non-competitive inhibition
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A general mechanism of enzyme activity regulation in which a regulatory molecule binds to a site other than the active site and prevents the active site from binding the substrate
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oxidative phosphorylation
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The production of ATP by the transfer of electrons down the electron transport chain to create a proton gradient that is used by ATP synthase to add phosphate groups to ADP molecules
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potential energy
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The type of energy that refers to the potential to do work
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substrate
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A molecule on which the enzyme acts
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thermodynamics
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The science of the relationships between heat, energy, and work
