Personality (Chapter 11)

Distinctive pattern of behavior, mannerisms, thoughts, motives and emotions that characterize an individual over time and across different situations

Freud

Psychodynamic approach in that personality is primarily formed by early childhood experiences and shaped by unconscious processes

Id, Ego, Superego. Slowly at the end of development

Id, present at birth, operates under "pleasure principle" in which we seek immediate gratification. Our body needs/wants, desires and impulses (especially sexual and aggressive drives). You want a donut, so you hit that person who has a donut

Referee between Id and Superego to meet demands of society, hold back impulses until appropriate, operates under "reality principle" in which there is a delay to immediately gratify in order to function in the world. You shouldn't hit someone to get the donut.

Represents morality and parental authority, delivers feeling of pride/satisfaction OR guilt/shame (rules and morals of society). Society says hitting is against the law

entirely unconscious, partially unconscious and conscious, partially unconscious and conscious

Birth, after birth (early formative experiences), later years near phallic stage

Defense mechanisms, unconscious coping mechanisms (used by ego) to reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses (id)

Repression - put threatening idea/emotion into the unconscious (repress it) Projection - uncomfortable idea/emotion that you acknowledge in someone else but not yourself (she is jealous but I am not) Rationalization - providing illogical reasoning for some emotion (dropped PYSC class cause too hot in classroom but it is actually cause you failed first exam) Displacement - direct emotions towards source that isn't initiating the emotions (throw phone across room even though you mad at something besides the phone) Sublimation - channel energy into something positive, socially significant or culturally significant (work out when stressed out) Reaction Formation - transforming something that produces anxiety into the complete opposite (women getting abused by partner says her partner is best ever) Regression - person develops to earlier stage of development (adult with parents going through depression starts to wet bed again, suck thumb etc) Denial - refusal to admit anything unpleasant is happening (alcoholic denies he has a problem) Identification - we unconsciously take on characteristics of those who seem more able to cope from the problem (child who is getting bullied then bullies other people)

False

hallmark

They are distinct early life stages where sexual energy takes on different forms as child matures. Oral (0 - 18 months) explore world through mouth Anal ( age 2 - 3) potty training Phallic Stage (age 3 - 5) unconscious wish to get rid of same-sex parent so you can be with opposite sex-parent Latency not much going on in sexual world, Freud said this is just intellectual stage (we know this isn't necessarily true) Genital Stage all about penis and vaginal and develop sense of responsibility and form intimate relationships

If the child does not resolve a conflict in the pyschosexual stages

Clinical skills come into question, difficult to do research to confirm or disconfirm his theories, he drew universal principles from a few atypical patients (hard to generlize) and he did not observe children but rather relied on patients memories

Predicts how people will do at work, get along with others, succeed as leaders. Low reliability.

E/I = Extroverted act first, think later. Introverts think first, act later S/N = Sensing live for now (want concrete facts). iNtuitive live for the future (can get fuzzy details for plan) T/F = Thinking is using logical reasoning and rational. Feeling is basing actions on how people perceive or think about certain action J/P = Judging like schedules and plans. Perceiving don't like deadlines and don't like plans and work last minute

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator, Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), Projective techniques like Rorscach Inkblot Test and Thematic Appreciation Test (TAT)

Well-researched clinical questionnaire to assess personality and psychological problems (567 questions)

True

Standard of series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of individuals' personality (psychodynamic). Rorschach Inblot Test, Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Give ambiguous inkblot and if they give common answer, then all is good. If they give really off answer (something most people wouldn't see) then you know something is off

Low because results can depend on who is administering the test

Give a picture and ask them to make up a story about that picture which helps reveal the way they see the social world

The TAT has clearer pictures

Need to do multiple pictures and there is a story associated with each one

Relatively stable disposition to behave in a particular and consistent way

Reaction formation, rejection(?) , denial, displacement

Trauma, 30

Extroversion/Introversion Neuroticism/Emotional Stability Agreeableness/Antagonism Conscientiousness/Impulsive Openness to experience/Resistance to new experiences

correlation between traits in monozygotic and dizygotic twins

Genes and environment

They had the same mannerisms, behavior and personality to an extent. We don't know if heredity or environment played a stronger role but it is probably both

True

differently, different

Parents and peers

Lot of kids had "secret" lives in which the kids parents did not know about it

Usually, if your peer group cares about academic success, you do too

False (it may be that certain personalities are drawn to that peer group rather than that peer group influencing its members)

Self is regarded as autonomous, individual goals and wishes are prized above duty and relation with others, US and Western Europe

Self is regarded as embedded in relationships, harmony with one's groups is prized above individual goals and wishes, Japan/China/Korea

in order to maintain harmony, you must change yourself, 10-15%

culturally bound

Out of the 11 countries, children in America least likely to be altruistic (help/support or give unselfish advice). In the other 10 countries, kids are encouraged to participate in the family, chores at home and contributed to the wellbeing of the family so that may be why those kids are more altruistic

Different cultures accept different forms of aggression

Look at positive, optimistic view of human nature that highlights people's inherent goodness and their potential for personal growth and resilience. Freud

There is a hierarchy of needs: (starting from the bottom) physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization

Self-actualization

Unconditional positive regard is what someone needs in order to thrive. He also said that you can adjust someone's behavior (discipline) without withdrawing love.

Individuals free to live his or her life but must negotiate issue of meaning of life and reality of death

It is determined by how one behaves while struggling with meaning of life and reality of death