question

International cheap stimulant(s)

answer

Basuca, paco, oxi

question

The administration of crack that leads to fastest dependancy

answer

Smoking

question

The most efficient administration, in regards to effects.

answer

Smoking

question

What percentage of the time do people who are admitted to the hospital, with marijuana involved, is another substance involved?

answer

75%

question

This drug is only counted by the hospitals as involved when another drug is involved Also, it is responsible for the most admissions to the hospital.

answer

Alcohol

question

The only culture historically, to not have a traditional intoxicant

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Eskimo's

question

4th drive is learned or acquired (not innate); irrepressable

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Seigal

question

4th drive is triggered by the exposure to the appropriate drug

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Samorini

question

Believes the 4th drive is innate

answer

Weil

question

Believed to potentially be mans first source of altered mind

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Dizziness

question

What percentage of high schoolers have played the "choking game"?

answer

8.4%

question

Drugs do not contain highs, the high exists within the ___________ (All drugs do is trigger highs, or provide an excuse to notice them)

answer

Human nervous system

question

These states are probably mediated by the brain's own transmitters

answer

Drug alternatives

question

Chemical substances, produced internally by the body, that can alter conciousness Can be stimulated by your own thoughts

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Endogeneous drugs

question

__________ are real/physical events in your brain --> placebo effects= drug effects

answer

Beliefs and expectations

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Powerful land quick (easy)

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Advantages of drugs

question

They reinforce the notion that the state we desire comes from something outside us

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Drug disadvantages

question

Paleontologists believe that humans cultivated the cannabis or jarijuana plant and he opium poppy contemporaneously with the rise of aggriculture over _______

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10,000 years ago

question

Definition delineates the "objective", reality of drugs

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Essentialist

question

Definition delineates the "Subjective" reality of drugs

answer

Constructionist

question

Medical utility; psychoactivity; illegality

answer

Three relevant contexts for drugs

question

A substance that is used to treat or heal the body or mind Or, any substance that is psychoactive, that has an effect on the mind.

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Drug

question

the study of the effect of drugs on biological organisms; the scientists who study the effects of drugs are called "pharmacologists"

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Pharmacology

question

the study of the effect of drugs specifically on the brain, that is, on the mind.

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Psychopharmacology

question

A psychoactive substance is one that affects the working of the central nervous system (the brain and the spinal column) and thus influences thinking, mood, feeling, sensation, emotion- and, as consequence, behavior as well.

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Psychoactivity

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1st: The "natural" era 2nd: The "transformative" era 3rd: The "synthetic" era

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The 3 eras of drug use

question

weed, coca leaves, shrooms, peyote, opium ancient and tribal societies use mind-altering drugs tended to take place either in a religious and ceremonial context or as medicine The distillation of alcoholic beverages, resulting in the production of liquor

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Natural era

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18th & 19th centuries the key was that a new substance was created from the natural plant product by means of a chemical extraction

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Transformative era

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Early 20th century Scientist began to create drugs entirely from chemicals not found in nature "pharmacological revolution"

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Synethetic era

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Specific and takes place at the molecular level. The outcome of chemicals that interact with the body's neurochemical system

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Drug action

question

Nonspecific and more highly variable, and result from more than a given dose of a particular drug.

answer

Drug effect

question

Nerve cells, that send electrical impulses or signals from one part of the body to another.

answer

Neurons

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When neurons send signals, they release chemicals that are conducted from one site or locus to another. These chemicals, called ______ , ac as chemical messengers.

answer

Neurotransmitters

question

At the end of each neuron are ______;

answer

Receptors

question

between the receptor of one neuron and the receptor of the one next to it is a microscopic space called a synapse

answer

Synapse

question

"Acute" effects "Chronic" effects

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The Acute-Chronic Distinction

question

short term effects of a drug, those that take place within the period of its administration and during the immediate aftermath of a single episode of use

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"Acute" effects

question

Long term effects, those that occur after the continued use of one or more drugs.(direct and indirect effects) indirect being the effects caused not by the drug itself but by the circumstances of use(ex. contaminated needles)

answer

"Chronic" effects

question

the chemical by-product of drugs

answer

Metabolites

question

injecting directly into the vein a liquid solution into which a drug has been mixed is called _____ Only drugs that dissolve in water can be injected this way

answer

Intravenous administration (IV)

question

Injecting IV under the skin

answer

Subcutaneously

question

injecting IV directly into a muscle Rather than into a vein are much slower and more inefficient routes of administration

answer

Intramuscularly

question

Snortin that shiznit

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Intranasally

question

refers to the fact that batches containing the same drug will vary in the percentage of the drug they contain

answer

Purity

question

Antagonistic- 1+1=0 Additive- 1+1=2 Synergistic- 1+1=4

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Drug mixing effects

question

Recognizes cross-dependance, behavioral dependance, physical dependance

answer

Classic drug addiction model

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_______, or the pleasure that organisms derive from taking a drug, is the driving force in generating continued, compulisve, abusive drug use.

answer

Positive reinforcement

question

capacity to generate intense pleasure without the intervention of learning or other cognitive processes

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Sensual appeal

question

Painkillers; the major representative of this category are narcotics

answer

Analgesics

question

the natural derivitaves of opium; morphine, codeine, and heroin.

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Narcotics- Opiates

question

Entirely synthetic narcotics with effects very similar to the opiates: methadone, Demerol (meperidine, Dilaudid, OxyCotin and fentanyl)

answer

Narcotics- Opioids

question

Making factually and emircally false claims or assertions in order to justify a particular model, ideological, or political position

answer

Factual bias

question

focusing on the particualr facts that support certian slant or position and ignoring those that challenge or undermine it

answer

Selection bias

question

Ruling elite theory Money machine theory Grassroot theory Proffessional subculture theory

answer

Four theories of media bias

question

argues that the media consciously and purposely serve the interests of the ruling elite.

answer

Ruling elite theory (or top down theory)

question

mainstream society, including representatives of the media, has been socialized to accept the ruling elite's version of truth

answer

Hegemony (or institutional dominance) as part of the Ruling Elite Theory

question

argues that owners of newspapers and television stations are interested in the bottom line, not political indoctrination

answer

Money machine theory

question

argues that the press responds to the biases of the public at large by reporting stories in ways that are appealing to their readership as a whole

answer

Grassroot theory

question

argues that the media approach the events of the day according to the distinct norm, expectations and ethics of practitioners of the profession of journalism

answer

Proffessional subculture theory

question

most directly relavent bias, to stories on drugs, intending to amaze, thrill, or excite intense reactions through the use of exaggerated, superficial, or lurid elements

answer

Sensationalism

question

New drugs are overhyped and attributed with causing violence and crime

answer

Criminogenic effect

question

term researchers use to refer to using two or more sources of information to focus on a single phenomenon

answer

Triangulation

question

If triangulation results in the multiple data sources agreeing, researchers call this ___________

answer

Multiple confirmation

question

describe what something is like in quantitative terms0that is, in the form of numbers

answer

Descriptive statistics

question

attempt to measure cause-and-effect relationships between and among 2 or more factors or vairables

answer

Inferential statistics

question

arrestees who test positive for drugs

answer

2/3

question

The public bases its notion of the frequency of a given behavior not on logic or systematic evidence but on "rules of thumb" hat are both commonsensical and illusory. Congnitive psychologists, refer to these "rules of thumb" as ___________

answer

Judgmental heuristic

question

The most relevant of the judgemental heuristic that distort our reasoning ability. "availability" is a mental process that mistakenly tells us that what sticks in our minds is more common than something that takes more effort to recall; people tend to exaggerate the frequency of phenomenon that come readily to mind.

answer

Availability heuristic

question

refers to the volume of ethanol or absolute" alcohol that is contained in a given alcoholic beverage.

answer

Absolute alcohol

question

made it illegal to manufacture or sell alcoholic beverages anywhere in the United States.

answer

Volstead act 1920

question

projections backwards in time, based on the respondant's age and the age at which he or she began using one or more drugs.

answer

Retrospective estimates

question

of the 400 chemicals in a cannabis plant, 61 of them, can not be found anywhere else, called_________

answer

cannabinoids

question

the hypothesis or approach that argues that the properties of drugs dictate drug related behavior-for instance, the belief that the use of marijuana automatically "leads to" the use and abuse of harder drugs

answer

pharmacological school

question

An explanation of drug use that argues that drug-related behavior is influenced by the norms users acquire through contact with specific social circles or groups. Thus, this school would argue that the "stepping-stone" theory is false because the progression from marijuana to harder drugs is a product not of the effects of marijuana-using social circles

answer

Sociocultural school

question

The arguement that the explanation for the connection between drug addiction and criminal behavior is that the kinds of people who are likely to engage in compulsive drug-taking behavior are also the kinds of people who are likely to engage in criminal behavior

answer

Predisposition school

question

eyeball movies

answer

eititic imagery

question

mixing of senses

answer

synesthesia

question

A consequence of taking a psychedelic drug; being bombarded by an excess of stimuli as a resulut of being incapable of filtering out those that are relevant.

answer

Sensory overload

question

Ecstacy, a category in itself

answer

Empathogen

question

Drugs that have the capacity both to reduce the perception of pain and to generate a psychological state that makes the user feel removed from the reality of the immediate setting; examples include PCP and ketamine

answer

Disassociative anesthetic

question

A category of sedative drugs that includes Valium and Ativan; commonmly referred to as "tranquilizers" or anti-anxiety agents.

answer

Benzodiazepines

question

prohibitied interstate commerce in adulterated or misbranded food and drugs

answer

Pure food and drug act

question

AKA The International Opium Commision; convened representatives from 13 countries The American delegation presented evidence demonstrating the evils of narcotics, but the lack of national American drug bans "embarrassed the commision officials

answer

Shanhia Commision

question

Three provisions: 1. "a requirement that all manufacturers, dealers, and practitioners register and pay special occupational tax. 2. "a requirement that all transactions be accomplished through use of written forms" 3. "the imposition of a tax on all transfers in the amount of 1$/per ounce for transfer to registered persons and a prohibitive 100$/ounce for tranfer to unregistered persons"

answer

Marijuana tax act

Marijuana

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