General Psychology – Cocklin – Panola College – Chapter 8
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how people think.
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Cognition refers to
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transformation.
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Solving problems like the *hobbit and orc* problem in your textbook, which requires you to make changes and carry out several steps in order to reach a specific goal, are examples of a problem of
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inducing structure
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Which class of problems involves discovering the relations among the *parts of the problem?*
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functional fixedness.
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People often find it difficult to solve a problem by *using* a familiar object in a novel way because of
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may be irrelevant.
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People often assume that it is necessary to use *all the numerical information provided in a problem* in order to solve the problem. In reality, numerical information sometimes makes it more difficult to solve a problem because the information
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a mental set.
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If you tend to persist in using the same problem-solving strategy time after time, you are evidencing
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trial and error.
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When *Alaina* is working on her bicycle, she brings her entire tool kit out on the driveway and starts pulling wrenches from it at random, trying them until she finds one that fits. Alaina's approach when she is working on her bicycle could be BEST described as
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a heuristic.
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A mental "*rule of thumb*" for problem-solving is referred to as
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trial and error
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Which of the following is *NOT* a common heuristic for problem-solving
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forming subgoals
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*Seventeen-year-old Ashley* is driving her brother's car when she has her first-ever flat tire. She realizes that she needs to find where the spare tire, the jack, and other tools are stored in the car, remove the flat tire, and install the spare tire. Ashley is approaching the problem by
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searching for analogies
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When *Graham* is printing copies from the computer in the computer classroom, the paper keeps jamming in the machine. He takes the paper out of the paper tray, fans it, and then flips it over, so the other side of the paper feeds first. This is the way he solves similar problems on the photocopy machine at the office where he works. In this case, Graham's method of solving the problem is consistent with the problem-solving heuristic known as
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incubation
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The ___________ effect occurs when solutions emerge for a problem after a *period of not consciously thinking about the problem.*
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context and relationships among the elements in a field
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Nisbett and colleagues suggest that a *holistic* style of thinking is one that focuses on
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decision-making.
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The process that involves evaluating alternative and making *choices* among them is known as
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likely to purchase no items.
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Research shows that when consumers have a very *high number* of products to choose from, they are
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simple strategies in decision-making that focus on only a few facets of available options and often result in irrational decisions that are less than optimal
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According to Simon's theory of bounded *rationality*, people tend to use
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simple
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According to research, conscious deliberation about a decision leads to greater *satisfaction* only when decisions are
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availability heuristic.
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Basing the estimated probability of an event on the ease with which instances *come to mind* is called the
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the availability heuristic.
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*Zackary*'s friend asks how well *Zackary* gets along with his younger brother. *Zackary* thinks about how irritating his younger brother was yesterday and the big fight they had as a result, and tells his friend that he doesn't get along with his brother at all. In this instance, *Zackary*'s response is consistent with
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estimate the probability of an event based on how similar it is to the typical prototype of that event
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The representativeness heuristic refers to our tendency to
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apparently ignoring base rates
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*Autumn* has been figure skating since she was five years old. She has never placed higher than third in any of the competitions she has been in, but she is still convinced that she will be able to become a professional figure skater in a few years. Her coach and her parents have tried to tell her that not many people make it as professional skaters, but *Autumn* is convinced that she can beat the odds. In this case, *Autumn* is
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The conjunction fallacy
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*Walter* mistakenly estimates that the probability of two separate events occurring at the same time is higher than the probability of either event occurring on its own. Walter's mistake is an example of
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*gambler's* fallacy.
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The belief that an event is more likely to occur if it has *not occurred recently* is consistent with the
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*losses* loom larger than gains of an equal size.
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*Loss* aversion occurs when
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representativeness heuristic.
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The *gambler's fallacy* reflects the influence of the
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use relatively *simple* heuristics.
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Evolutionary psychologists suggest that when people have to make *quick* decisions, they tend to
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that her performance was comparable to the average *8-year-old child*
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When tested on the *Binet-Simon* scale, Ada is found to have a *mental age of 8.* This means
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an *intelligence* quotient.
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(*Mental* age/chronological age) *100* yields
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Shawna's *chronological age* is *greater* than her *mental age.*
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*Shawna*'s IQ score was calculated using the formula developed by Lewis Terman, and the result was *92*. This indicates that
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*75%* of the people who took the test scored at or *below* your score.
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If your score falls at the *75th percentile* on a standardized test, which of the following is an accurate interpretation?
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reliability
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The term that refers to the measurement of a test that examines whether the measurement is *consistent* is
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validity.
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If a psychological test does, in fact, *measure what it was designed to measure*, the test has
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in the center of the distribution
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In a normal *distribution* of information, *MOST* people will be found
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100; 15
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Modern *IQ tests* have a mean of ____ and a standard *deviation* of ____.
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Monica's IQ score would be *100.*
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Monica recently completed the *Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale* and was told that her deviation IQ score fell at the *50th percentile*. This means that
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is *similar* to his previous score of 110
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*Coleman* is currently 30 years old. When he was 15 years old, he took an intelligence test and was told that his IQ score was 110. If Coleman *retakes the intelligence test* now, he would likely discover that his current IQ score
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Perform better
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Recent research suggests that given equivalent IQ scores, students who *think they are talented* tend to ______________ on their school work than those with *negative opinions* of their own ability
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Cognitive abilities related to academics
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Most intelligence tests over the years have tended to stress
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Critical thinking and the ability to weigh evidence
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*Stanovich* argues that IQ tests do not predict rational thinking because they do *NOT measure*
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fraternal twins reared together
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In which of the following cases is the *correlation between IQ scores* the HIGHEST?
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influenced *more by genetics* than by *environmental* factors
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The fact that the correlation in IQ scores between *identical twins reared apart* is *higher* than that between *fraternal twins reared together* suggests that intellectual development is
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around 50%.
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The consensus among MOST researchers is that the *heritability of intelligence* is
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performance on IQ tests seems to be *rising steadily* and consistently over time.
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The *Fly*nn effect is the finding that
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a variety of environmental factors
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Most *explanations* for the Flynn effect revolve around
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reaction *range*.
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The term used to refer to genetically determined *limits* on IQ is
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*raised* in high-quality environments should score near the *top of their reaction range*.
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According to the *reaction range* model, children
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*within*-groups; *between*-groups
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According to *Leon Kamin*, ____ differences in IQ scores are most likely to be *heritable*, and ____ differences are most likely to be the result of *environmental* factors.
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analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, and practical intelligence *CAP*?
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According to *Robert Sternberg,* intelligence can be divided into *three major parts:*
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analytic intelligence.
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According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, someone who is efficient at *processing information *and who performs well on conventional tests designed to measure reasoning and logical-*mathematical *abilities should score high in
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high *a*nalytical intelligence but lower *p*ractical intelligence.
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*C*heryl has always performed well on conventional tests designed to measure *reasoning and logical-mathematical abilities*, but she *doesn't seem to be able to use her skills to solve common, everyday problems. *According to Robert Sternberg's triarchic theory of intelligence, Cheryl shows
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creativity
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The ability to generate *ideas that are original, novel, and useful* defines
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bodily-kinesthetic intelligence
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Leticia is a prima ballerina with a *New York ballet company. *According to Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences, Leticia is likely to score high in which of the following
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Howard Gardner
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Which psychologist concluded that humans exhibit *eight* largely independent types of intelligence
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mechanical
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Which of the following is NOT one of the eight types of intelligence described by Gardner?
