Behavior Modification Lesson 11 Chapter 15 – Respondent and Operant Conditioning Together

In Behaviorism, an emitted response is a behavior or action that, when performed, acts on the organism's environment and produces different kinds of consequences that affect the organism (like reinforcement or punishment). In his research, B.F. Skinner distinguished the difference between "emitted" responses and Pavlovian "elicited" responses that are reflexive and involuntary. An emitted response is voluntary and can be consciously stopped by an organism. An example of an emitted response would be a mouse hitting a lever in order to receive a food pellet. The mouse has done this in the past and received a food pellet, which is a positive reinforcement because it is performing an action and receiving food as consequence. The pushing of the lever is an emitted response because it is voluntary and results in a consequence of the mouse's action that affects its environment.

reflexive/involuntary behaviors Elicited behavior is behavior which happens in response to some environmental event. You will see that the the term "reflex" typically refers to innate behaviors that are elicited by stimuli

The autonomic nervous system regulates involuntary and unconscious actions, such as internal-organ function, breathing, digestion, and heartbeat. This system consists of two complementary parts: the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.

Covert sensitization is an imagery-based procedure. The technique consists of having the client imagine himself or herself engaging in an undesirable behavior (e.g., overeating or excessive alcohol consumption). As with other behavior modification therapies, covert sensitization is a treatment grounded in learning theory—one of the basic tenets being that all behavior is learned and that undesirable behaviors can be unlearned under the right circumstances. Covert sensitization is one of a group of behavior therapy procedures classified as covert conditioning, in which an aversive stimulus in the form of a nausea- or anxiety-producing image is paired with an undesirable behavior to change that behavior. It is best understood as a mixture of both the classical and the operant conditioning categories of learning. Based on research begun in the 1960s, psychologists Joseph Cautela and Albert Kearney published the 1986 classic The Covert Conditioning Handbook , which remains a definitive treatise on the subject. The goal of covert sensitization is to directly eliminate the undesirable behavior itself, unlike insight-oriented psychotherapies that focus on uncovering unconscious motives in order to produce change. The behaviors targeted for modification are often referred to as "maladaptive approach behaviors," which includes behaviors such as alcohol abuse, drug abuse, and smoking, pathological gambling, overeating, sexual deviations, and sexually based nuisance behaviors such as obscene phone calling. The type of behavior to be changed and the characteristics of the aversive imagery to be used influence the treatment, which is usually administered in an outpatient setting either by itself or as a component of a multimodal program. Self-administered homework assignments are almost always part of the treatment package. Some therapists incorporate covert sensitization with hypnosis in the belief that outcome is enhanced.

When you close your eyes and imagine an object, the words likely elicit activity in the visual part of your brain so that you experience the behavior of 'seeing' the actual object.

Behavior that affects the environment to produce consequences, and which is, in turn, influenced by those consequences controlled by consequences. Referred to as voluntary behavior. Usually involves skeletal muscles. Is said to be emitted by an individual

Respondent behaviors are elicited by prior stimuli and are not affected by their consequences. Ex: walking into an exam and feeling nervous, or salivating when you smell food. Automatic responses to prior stimuli. Referred to as reflexive or involuntary Usually involves smooth muscles and glands that control our gastrointestinal tract and blood vessels. Is said to be elicited by prior stimuli

janice had a history of being punished for failing to meet deadlines. Punishment elicits feelings of anxiety, a respondent reaction. History of punishment for failing to meet deadlines became a CS eliciting anxiety as a CR

presentation of reinforcers

withholding or withdrawing reinforcers produces this

the presentation of aversive stimuli

withdrawal of aversive stimuli produces this

1. the autonomic reaction that you feel during the experience of an emotion (typically accompanied by visible signs, such as frowns or smiles), which is influenced by respondent conditioning (respondent conditioning) 2. the way that you learn to express an emotion overtly (such as shouting, jumping up and down), which is influenced by operant conditioning (operant conditioning) 3. The way that you become aware of and describe your emotions, which is also influenced by operant conditioning (operant conditioning)

swimming reflex: involves swimming motions when placed in a prone position in water 2. blink reflex which involves blinking in response to the eyes being touched or a bright light 3. cough reflex: involves coughing when the airway to the lungs is stimulated 4. gag reflex: gagging when the throat or back of the mouth is touched 5. yawn reflex: involves yawning when there is a decrease in oxygen intake

imagining (conditioned seeing) constitutes one type of thinking Self-directed verbal behavior/self-talk is also described.

operant conditioning

operant conditioning

CS; US

emitted

respondent; operant