Chapter 22- Revolution in Energy and Industry
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Savery and Newcomen
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Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 invented the first primitive steam engines. Both were inefficient and burned coal to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump. By 1770s they were operating in English and Scottish mines.
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James Watt
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1763 Watt saw that the Newcomen engine's waste of energy could be reduced by adding a separate condenser. This increased the efficiency of the steam engine.
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James Hargreaves
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a gifted carpenter that invented the cotton- spinning jenny- 6-24 spindles were mounted on a sliding carriage and each spindle spun a thread
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Richard Arkwright
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invented the water frame- acquired a capacity of several hundred spindles and powered by water
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The Rocket
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George Stephenson's effective locomotive Rocket in 1830 sped down the just completed Liver pool and Manchester track at 16 miles an hour (world's first important railroad)
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Crystal Palace 1851 London Exposition
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architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron in which the Great Exhibition was held in 1851. The little island of Britain was \"the workshop of the world\"
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Thomas Malthus
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In his \"Essay on the Principle of Population\" (1798) Malthus argued that population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply and the only hope was to limit the population. (war, disease, famine, less kids)
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David Ricardo
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\"Iron Law of Wages\" - because of the pressure of population growth wages would always sink to subsistence level (wages would be high enough to keep people from starving)
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William Cockerill
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With his sons Cockerill built cotton spinning equipment in French-occupied Belgium in 1799. His son purchased a palace of Leige and converted it into an industrial enterprise. They continually gathered information and transmitted it across Europe
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Fritz Harkort
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a business pioneer in the German machinery industry. He built steam engines in Germany (Watt of Germany) Lacking skilled laborers he turned to England for mechanics
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Freidrich List
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Believed the growth of modern industry was important because manufacturing was a primary means of increasing people's well being and relieving their poverty. Dedicated nationalist, \"wider gap between the backward and advanced nation becomes, the more dangerous it is to remain behind\"
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Zollverein
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formation of a customs union among the separate German states. This tariff union allowed goods to move between German states without tariffs while taxing other nations.
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Economic Nationalism
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a body of policies that emphasize domestic control of the economy, labor, and capital formation, even if this requires the imposition of tariffs and other restrictions on the movement of labor, goods and capital.
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Credit Mobilier
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Bank in Paris that used the savings of thousands of small investors as well as resources of big one. It built railroads all over France and Europe.
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Luddites
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a member of any of the bands of English workers who destroyed machinery, especially in cotton and woolen mills, that they believed was threatening their jobs
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Friedrich Engels
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believed the new poverty of industrial workers was worse than the old poverty of cottage workers and agricultural laborers and the culprit was industrial capitalism with its technical change and competition
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Sexual division of labor
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Discipline of the clock- factory discipline conflicted with child care, women couldn't pace themselves during pregnancy Running a Household- no supermarkets or transportation, had to bring kids everywhere Working for Wages- people have sex on job which led to unplanned pregnancies (illegitimacy explosion)
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Chartism
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Chartists were working people who sought political democracy and universal male suffrage( all men could vote)
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Robert Owen
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a self made cotton manufacturer who combined discipline with concern for health safety and hours, In 1834 he organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union.
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Factory Act of 1833
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limited factory work day for kids between 9 and 13 to 8 to 12 hours a day. Children under 9 were enrolled in elementary school that factory owners were required to establish. Employment of children declined
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Mines Act of 1842
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prohibited all females and boys under ten years old from working underground in coal mines.
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Combination Acts of 1799
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outlawed unions and strikes
