***Chapter 10 THE HEART Vocabulary*** – Flashcards
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Angiogram
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an X-ray representation of blood vessels made after the injection of a radiopaque substance
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Angioplasty
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an operation to repair a damaged blood vessel or unblock a coronary artery
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Anoxia
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lack of oxygen
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Anoxia
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lack of oxygen
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Aorta
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largest artery in the body
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Aortic Stenosis
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abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve
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Arrhythmia
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Symptom of Cardiovascular disease, irregular heartbeat
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Arterial anastomosis
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surgical connection between two arteries
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Arteriography
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process of recording (x-ray) arteries after injecting contrast material
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Arteriole
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small artery
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Arteriosclerosis-
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hardening of the arteries
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Artery
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largest type of blood vessel; carries blood away from the heart to all parts of the body.
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Atherectomy
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surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery
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Atheroma
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fatty deposit or plaque within the arterial wall
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Atherosclerosis
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condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries
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Atrial-
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pertaining to the atrium
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Atrioventricular Bundle (bundle of His )
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Specialized muscle fibers connecting the atria with the ventricles and transmitting impulses between them. His is pronounced hiss.
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atrioventricular node
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Specialized tissue in the wall between the atria. Electrical impulses pass from the pacemaker SA node through the AV node and atrioventricular bundle or (bundle of His) toward the ventricles.
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Atrium; atria
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one of two upper chambers of the heart
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Brachial Artery
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the major artery of the upper arm
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Bradycardia
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abnormally slow heartbeat
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Bundle of His
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a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract
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capillary
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Smallest blood vessel. Materials pass to and from the bloodstream through the thin capillary walls.
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Carbon Dioxide(CO2)
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Gas (waste) released by the body cells, transported via veins to the heart, and then to the lungs for exhalation.Cardiogenic Shock-shock that results from failure of the heart in its pumping action.
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Cardiomegaly
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enlargement of the heart
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Cardiomyopathy
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disease of the heart muscle, Disease of the heart muscle that leads to generalized deterioration of the muscle and its pumping ability
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Coronary Arteries
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blood vessels that branch from the aorta and carry oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle
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Cryanosis
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blueness of the skin due to a deficiency of oxygen in the blood
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Deoxygenated Blood
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blood that is oxygen poor
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Diastole
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Relaxation phase of the heartbeat (Greek diastole, dilation).
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Electrocardiogram
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record of the electricity flowing through the heart. The electricity is represented by waves or deflections called P, QRS, or T.
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Endocardium
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inner lining of the heart
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Endothelium
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innermost lining of blood vessels
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Hypercholesterolemia
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An excessive amount of cholesterol in the blood
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Hypoxia
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Deficient amount of oxygen in tissue cells
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Interventricular Septum
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partition between right and left ventricle, separates the two ventricles.
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Mitral valve
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valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle; bicuspid valve
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Mitral Valvulitis
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Inflammation of the mitral valve
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Murmur--abnormal heart sound caused by improper closure of the heart valves
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Myocardium-
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Muscular, middle layer of the heart
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Myxoma
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benign tumor derived from connective tissue, with cells embedded in soft mucoid stromal tissue. These rare tumors occur most frequently in the left atrium.
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Normal Sinus Rhythm-
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Heart rhythm originating in the sinoatrial node with a resting rate of 60 to 100 beats per minute.
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Oxygen
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Gas that enters the blood through the lungs and travels to the heart to be pumped via arteries to all body cells.
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Pacemaker-
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is an electronic apparatus implanted in the chest An artificial cardiac pacemaker to stimulate heart muscle that is weak and not functioning.
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Pacemaker(sinoatrial node)
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specialized nervous tissue in the right atrium that begins the heartbeat.
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Parietal Pericardium
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outside layer of the pericardium, or tough outer layer that forms a fibrous sac that surrounds and protects the heart.
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Pericardiocentesis
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surgical puncture of the membrane surrounding the heart in order to remove fluid.
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Pericardium
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Double-layered membrane surrounding the heart.
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Phlebotomy
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incision of a vein
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Pulmonary Artery
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artery carrying oxygen-poor blood from the heart to the lungs
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Pulmonary Circulation-
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flow of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
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Pulmonary Valve
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valve positioned between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
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Pulmonary Vein
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one of two pairs of vessels carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart
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Pulse
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beat of the heart as felt through the walls of the arteries
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septum; Septa-
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Partition or wall dividing a cavity; such as between the right and left atria (interatrial septum) and right and left ventricles (interventricular septum).
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Sinoatrial Node (SA Node)
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pacemaker of the heart
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sphygmomanometer
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instrument to measure blood pressure
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Stethoscope
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a medical instrument for listening to the sounds generated inside the body
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Systemic Circulation
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flow of blood from body tissue to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues.
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systole
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contraction phase of the heartbeat. (Greek systole, a contracting).
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Tachycardia
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abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute)
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Thrombolysis
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breakdown (destruction) of a blood clot
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Thrombophlebitis
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inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation
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Tricuspid Valve
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located between the right atrium and right ventricle; has three (tri) leaflets, or cusps.
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Valve-
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structure in veins or in the heart that temporarily closes an opening so that blood flows in only one direction.
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Valvotomy
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incision of a valve to increase the size of the opening; used in treating mitral stenosis
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Valvuloplasty
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surgical repair of a heart valve
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Vascular
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pertaining to a blood vessel
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Vasoconstriction
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narrowing of a blood vessel
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Vasodilation
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-dilation of blood vessels (especially the arteries
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Vein
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thin walled vessel that carries blood from body tissues and lungs back toward the heart. Vein contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.
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Vena Cava; Vanae Cavae
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Largest vein in the body. The superior and inferior venae cavae return blood to the right atrium of the heart.
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Venipuncture
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puncture of a vein to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion.
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Venous
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pertaining to a vein
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Ventricle
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one of two lower chambers of the heart
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Venule
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small vein
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Visceral Pericardium-
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This is the thin, inner layer of the pericardial sac that closely adheres to the heart.
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Aneurysm/o
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- aneurysm (widened blood vessel)
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Angi/o
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- vessel (blood)
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Aort/o
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- aorta (largest artery)
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Arter/o, Arteri/o
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- artery
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Ather/o
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- plaque (fatty substance)
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Atri/o
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- atrium (upper heart chamber)
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Axill/o
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- armpit
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Brachi/o
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- arm
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Cardi/o
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- heart
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Cholesterol/o
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- cholesterol
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Coron/o
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- heart
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Cyan/o
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- blue
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Isch/o
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- hold back;back
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My/o
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- muscle
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Myx/o
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- mucus
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Ox/o
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- oxygen
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Pericardi/o
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- pericardium
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Phleb/o
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- vein
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Pulmon/o
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- lung
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Rrhythm/o
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- rhythm
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Sphygm/o
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- pulse
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Steth/o
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- chest
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Thromb/o
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- clot
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Valv/o
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- valve
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Valvul/o
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- valve
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Vas/o
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- vessel
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Vascul/o
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- vessel
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Ven/o, Ven/i
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- vein
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Ventricul/o
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ventricle,lower heart chamber
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Suffixes And Meaning
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-constriction
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narrowing
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-dilation
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widening; stretching; expanding
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-emia
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blood condition
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-graphy
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process of recording
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-lysis
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breakdown; separation; destruction; loosening
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-megaly
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enlargement
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-meter
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measure
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-oma
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tumor; mass; fluid collection
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-osis
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condition, usually abnormal
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-plasty
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surgical repair
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-sclerosis
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hardening
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-stenosis-
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tightening; stricture
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-tomy
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process of cutting
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Prefixes And Meaning
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a-, an-
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no, not
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brady-
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slow
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de-
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lack of; down; less; removal of
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dys-
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bad; painful; difficult; abnormal
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endo-
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in; within (MS. Jones I had a extra line under endo, but there wasnt a word listed under).
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hyper-
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above; excessive
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hypo-
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deficient, less than, below
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inter-
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between
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peri-
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surrounding
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tachy-
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fast
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tetra-
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four
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tri-
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three
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ACE Inhibitor-
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Angiotensin-converting enzyme Inhibitor. Lower the production of angiotensin II, therefore relaxing arterial muscles enlarging the arteries
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Acute Coronary Syndromes
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unstable angina and myocardial infarction which are consequences of plaque rupture in coronary arteries
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Aneurysm
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local widening of an arterial wall
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Angina
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is chest pain that occurs more often and with less exertion
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Angiography
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X-ray imaging of blood vessels after injection of contrast material
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Angiotensin
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converting enzyme inhibitor- antihypertensive drug that blocks the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II and thus dialates blood vessels. It prevents heart attacks, CHF stroke and death.
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Arrhythmias
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abnormal heart rhythms.
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Atrioventricular Block
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recurrent sudden attacks of unconsciousness caused by impaired conduction of the impulse that regulates the heartbeat
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Atrial fibrillation
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rapid, random, ineffective contractions of the atrium
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Auscultation
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Listening for sounds in blood vessels or other body structures, typically using a stethoscope.
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Beta Blockers
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drugs used to treat angina, hypertension, and arrythmias. They block the action of epinenephrine (adrenaline) at receptor sites on cells, slowing the heartbeart and reducing the workload of the heart.
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Biventricular Pacemaker
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device enabling ventricles to beat together so that more blood is pumped out of the heart.
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BNP Test-
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measurement of BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) in blood
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Bradycardia and Heart Block
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failure of proper conduction of impulses from the SA node through the AV node to the atrioventricular bundle ( bundle of his)
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Bruit
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an abnormal blowing or swishing sound heard during auscultation of an artery or organ.Calcium Channel Blockers drugs used to treat angina and hypertension. They dilate blood vessels by blocking the influx of calcium into muscle cells lining vessels.
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Cardiac Arrest
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sudden, unexpected stopping of heart action; sudden cardiac death
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Cardiac Catheterization
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thin, flexible tube is guided into the heart via a vein or an artery
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Cardiac MRI
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images of the heart are produced using radiowave energy in a magnetic field
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Cardiac Biomarkers
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Chemicals are measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack
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Cardiac Tamponade
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pressure on the heart caused by fluid in the pericardial space
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Cardioversion
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electric shock to the heart to restore normal rhythm
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Cardioversion (defibrillation)
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restoration of a normal heart rhythm by electric shock
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Catheter Ablation
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brief delivery of radio frequency or cryosurgery to destroy areas of heart tissue that may be causing arrhythmias
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Claudication
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pain, tension, and weakness in a leg after walking has begun, but absence of pain at rest.
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Coarctation of the Aorta
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narrowing of the aorta
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Computed tomography angiography (CTA)
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three-dimensional x-ray images of the heart and coronary arteries using computed tomography (CT) (64-slice CT scanner)
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Congenital Heart Disease
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abnormalities in the heart at birth
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Congestive Heart Failure
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the heart is unable to pump its required amount of blood
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Coronary Artery Disease
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disease of the arteries surrounding the heart
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Coronary Artery bypass grafting (CABG)
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arteries and veins are anastomosed to coronary arteries to detour around blockages
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Deep Vein Thrombosis
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a blood clot forms in a large vein, usually in a lower limb
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Defibrillation
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brief discharges of electricity are applied across the chest to stop dysrhythmias (ventricular fibrillation)
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Digoxin
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a drug that treats arrhythmias and strengthens the heartbeat
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Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA)
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video equipment and a computer produce x-ray images of blood vessels
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Doppler Ultrasound
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studies sound waves measure blood flow within blood vessels
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Echocardiography (ECHO)
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echoes generated by high-frequency sound waves produce images of the heart
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Electrocardiography (ECG)
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recording of electricity flowing through the heartelectron beam computed tomography (EBCT or EBT)
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Electron Beams and Computed Tomography
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early CAD identify calcium deposits in and around coronary arteries to diagnose
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Embolus; Emboli
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a clot or other substance that travels to a distant location and suddenly blocks a blood vessel.
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Endarterectomy
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surgical removal of plaque from the inner layer of an artery
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Endocarditis
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inflammation of the inner lining of the heart caused by bacteria
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Extracorporeal Circulation
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heart-lung machine diverts blood from the heart and lungs while the heart is repaired
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Fibrillation
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rapid, random and ineffective contractions of the heart (350 beats or more per minute).
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Flutter -
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rapid but regular contractions, usually of the atria
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Heart Transplantation
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a donor heart is transferred to a recipient
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Hemorrhoids
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Swollen, painful rectal veins; often a result of constipation
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Holter Monitoringan
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An ECG device is worn during a 24 hour period to detect cardiac arrhythmias.
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Hypertension-
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high blood pressure
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Hypertensive Heart Disease
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A high blood pressure affecting the heart
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Hypertrophy of the right ventricle
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myocardium works harder to pump blood through a narrowed pulmonary artery
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Implantable Cardioverter- Defibrillator-
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small electric device implanted inside the chest (near the collarbone) to sense arrhythmias and terminate them to restore normal sinus rhythm
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Infarction-
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area of dead tissue
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Ischemia
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condition in which blood flow to tissues is temporarily slowed or stopped
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Left Ventricular Assist Device
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Booster pump implanted in the abdomen with a tube inserted into the left ventricle.
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Lipid tests
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measurements of cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood
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Lipoprotein electrophoresis
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lipoproteins (combinations of fat and protein) are physically separated and measured in a blood sample
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Mitral Stenosis
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narrowing of the mitral valve opening usually caused by scarring from rheumatic fever
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Mitral Valve Prolapse
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improper closure of the mitral valve
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Murmur
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an extra heart sound, heard between normal beats
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Myocardial Infarction
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A heart attack.
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Nitrates
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drugs used to treat angina. They dilate the blood vessels, increasing blood flow and oxygen to myocardial tissue.
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Nitroglycerin-
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a nitrate drug used in the treatment of angina
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Occulsion
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closure of a blood vessel
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Palpitations
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uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias, such as premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)
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Patent
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open
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Patent Ductus Arteriosus
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a duct (ductus arteriosus) between aorta and pulmonary artery which normally closes soon after birth, remains open.
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Percutaneous Coronary Intervention (PCI)
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balloon-tipped catheter is inserted into a coronary artery to open the artery; stents are put in place
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Pericardial Friction Rub
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Scraping or grating noise heard on auscultation of the heart; suggestive of pericarditis.
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Pericarditis
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inflammation of the membrane surrounding the heart
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Peripheral Arterial Disease
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blockage of arteries carrying blood to the legs, arms, kidneys and other organs
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PeripheralVascular Disease
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blockage of blood vessels outside the heart
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Petechiae
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small, pinpoint hemorrhages
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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scan images show blood flow and myocardial function following uptake of radioactive glucose
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Pulmonary Artery Stenosis
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pulmonary artery is narrow or obstructed
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Raynaud Disease
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recurrent episodes of pallor and cyanosis primarily in fingers and toes
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Rheumatic heart disease
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heart disease caused by rheumatic fever.
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Septal Defects
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small holes in the septa between the atria or the ventricles
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Serum Enzyme Tests
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chemicals measured in the blood as evidence of a heart attack
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Shift of the Aorta to the Right
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aorta overrides the interventricular septum. oxygen-poor blood passes from the right ventricle to the aorta.
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Statins
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drugs used to lower cholesterol in the bloodstream.
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Stress Test
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exercise tolerance test (ETT) determines the hearts response to physical exertion (stress)
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Telemetry
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Continuous monitoring of a patients heart rhythm in a hospital. (Electronic Trasmission of Data -tele/o meams distant)
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Tetralogy of Fallot
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a congenital malformation of the heart involving four distinct defects
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Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan
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technetium Tc 99m sestamibi injected intravenously is taken up in cardiac tissue, where it is detected by scanning.
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Thallium 201 scan
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concentration of radioactive thallium is measured to give information about blood supply to the heart muscle.
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Thrill
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Vibration felt on touching the body over an area of turmoil in blood flow (as a blocked artery)
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Thrombolytic Therapy-
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drugs to dissolve clots are injected into the bloodstream of patients with coronary thrombosis
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Thrombotic Occlusion-
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the blocking of an artery by a thrombus
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Varicose Veins
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abnormally swollen and twisted veins, usually occuring in the legs
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Vegatations
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clumps of platelets, clotting proteins, microorganisms, and red blood cells on the endocardium in conditions such as bacterial endocarditis and rheumatic heart disease.
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Ventricular septal defect-
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large hole between two ventricles lets venous blood pass from the right to the left ventricle and out to the aorta without oxygenation
