1302: UNIT 1
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A Rose for Emily
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William Faulkner
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The Catbird Seat
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James Thurber
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The First Confession
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Frank O'Connor
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A&P
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John Updike
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Godfather Death
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Jakob and Wilhelm Grimm
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The Appointment in Samarra
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W. Somerset Maugham
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plot
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the sequence of events of incidents of which a story is composed; Aristotle called it the "soul" of a story
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initial incident
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conflict is established
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rising action
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conflict becomes more intense, suspense builds
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climax
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the turning point in the story; moment the conflict begins to be resolved
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falling action
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the resolution of plot; tying up of loose ends
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conclusion/denouement
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the ending of a story
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theme
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main/controlling idea or central insight
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setting
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time and place in which a story occurs
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tone
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the emotional attitude of the author towards his subject ex: angry, sentimental, humorous, sarcastic
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symbol
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an object, person, situation, or character in a story which stands for or represents something else
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allegory
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a story in which characters, incidents, and objects have symbolic meaning
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point of view
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the vantage point from which the author presents the actions of the story 2 main categories
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first person
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point of view where narrator (possibly character in story) uses first person pronouns: I and me ex: A&P and First Confession
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third person
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point of view is the narrator is a non participant
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protagonist
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central character in a story
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flat characters
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characterize by one or two traits; can be summed up in a sentence or two; "static" which means doesn't change much; can be several in a story ex: Mr. Lengel from A&P
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round characters
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complex/many sided characters; usually the protagonist or main character; "dynamic" which means capable of change ex: Sammy from A&P and Jackie from First Confession
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foreshadowing
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technique used in which occurrences or statements made by characters early in the story indicate what might occur later in the story ex: smell in A Rose for Emily
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exposition
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opening portion of a story that provides background information needed to understand the story
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in media res
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in the middle
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flashback
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a scene relived in a character's memory
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epiphany
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a moment of insight or discovery or realization ex: Sammy at the end of A&P after he quit his job
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story of initiation
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a young character moves towards adulthood ex: A&P and First Confession
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verbal itony
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the opposite is said from what is meant ex: "it's a beautiful day" when the listener really knows you mean that it's a terrible day -- the opposite of what you are saying
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dramatic irony
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contrast between what a characters says and what the reader knows to be true ex: sometimes the reader is aware of a truth to which the character is blind due to the character's immaturity of lack of perception
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situational irony
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the opposite happens from what is expected ex: servant flees death only to run straight towards it in The Appointment in Samarra
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stream of consciousness
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method by which a story is presented as a narration of thoughts and feelings of a character in the story -- random/chaotic form
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fable
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a brief story that sets forth some pointed form of statement ex: Appointment in Samarra
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tale
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a usually short story that sets forth strange and wonderful events in bare summary without detailing the characters ex: Godfather Death
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Escapist Literature
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written to entertain the reader with several elements: heroic, larger than life character, an exciting plot, lots of action, happy ending, a simple theme that confirms what the audience already believes; does not challenge the reader to analyze his own beliefs/attitude
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Interpretive Literature
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seeks to increase our understanding of the human condition; main character is likely to be an ordinary person, plot is closer to real life, ending may/may not be happy, and theme may cause us to ask questions; challenges us to think rather than be entertained
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3 Conflicts that Occur in Literature
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1. Man vs Man 2. Man vs Nature 3. Man vs Himself
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Man vs Man
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2 or more individuals are in conflict with each other
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Man vs Nature
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man struggles to survive the harsh indifference of nature
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Man vs Himself
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man struggles with himself
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General Rules for Reading Imaginative Literature:
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1. Classify a work of literature according to its kind/genre. 2. Grasp the unity of the whole work/summarize the plot of short story in a couple of sentences. 3. Discover how the whole work is constructed of its parts: incidents that make up the plot, characters, setting, etc. 4. Become a part of the imaginary world of the story as if you were actually an observer on the scene. 5. Don't criticize a work until you fully appreciate—experience what the author tried to produce for you by working on your emotions and imagination—it.
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4 Ways Character is Revealed in Story
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1. what the character says 2. what the character does 3. what other characters in the story say about the character 4. what the author tell the reader directly about the character
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Poe's Comments on the Tale
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1. should be the length that allows the reader to finish it in one setting {30 mins to around 2 hours} 2. elements of tale should, plot, characters, and setting, should combine to create a single effect for the reader (ex: horror)
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Possible Definitions of Literature
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1. Reordering of Reality 2. Method By Which We See the World Through Someone Else's Eyes 3.A Record of Man
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Method By Which We See the World Through Someone Else's Eyes
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makes us more aware of the experiences of others
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Reordering of Reality
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literature attempts to make sense of the chaotic and to give form/meaning to random events taut make up our experience; combination of author's experience with their imagination to create something new
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A Record of Man
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shows us history from the perspective of individuals rather than simply as facts and figures; makes history come alive
