Brit Lit session 3 – Flashcards
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Quotes from Pope
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-"Hope springs eternal" -"A little learning is a dangerous thing" -"To Err is Human, to Forgive Divine" -"What mighty contests rise from trivial things" -"Fools rush in where angels fear to tread" -"Blessed is the man who expects nothing, for he shall never be disappointed
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Pope and wit
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-"Some have first for wits, then Poets passed; turn'd critics next, and prov'd plain fools at last" . -"Great Wits may sometimes gloriously offend/ And snatch a grace beyond the reach of art/ which without passing through judgement, gains the heart and all its ends at once attains." -"True Wit is Nature to advantage dressed/ What oft was thought but ne'er so well expressed." -"if Wit so much from ignorance undergo..."
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Pope and judgement
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-"Wit and judgment often are at strife,/Tho meant each other's aid, like man and wife." Criticism was once the "muses handmaid" but -"following Wits" turned against the poets. -"A Perfect judge will read each work of wit/ with the same spirit its author writ"
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Who is second only to John Milton?
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Alexander Pope is perhaps second only to John Milton among British Writers for overall impressiveness.
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Pope's disease
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Crippled by disease, his body was slightly deformed (he wore a truss to straighten and support his upper body) and often in pain. He faced mockery not only as a child, but all his life: rival poets and critics did not refrain from satirizing his small stature.
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Why was Pope self-educated?
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From a Catholic family, Pope couldn't attend the best schools, and was largely self-educated, reading classical and modern literature of his own choosing, and developing a razor-sharp literary judgment. He wrote his "Essay on Criticism" in his early 20's.
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Pope was the first British to do what?
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Despite circumstances that might seem daunting, Pope became the first British Writer to earn a good living solely by his pen. His impressive body of work includes translations of the Iliad and an edition of Shakespeare.
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Pope & friends?
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He became a central figure in the coffeehouse culture of the time: friends and acquaintances included Congreve, Addison and Steele, and Jonathan Swift.
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(Pope) and the mock epic
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-Was a popular genre in the 18th century, since it combined the trends of neo-classicism and satire. -A mock-epic functions by using the "High" conventions of the traditional epic (evocations of the gods, paeans to the hero/heroines, elaborate battle descriptions) to describe, and therefore expose, the lowness of the subject matter.
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Pope's Neo-Classical Concerns: Nature Versus Art
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-"Nature's chief masterpiece is writing well" -"Nature, to all things fix'd the limits fit" -"First, follow Nature...Unerring nature, still divinely bright, One clear, unchanged and universal light, Life, force, and beauty must to all impart, At once the source, and end, and test, of Art" . -Classical rules are "Nature Methodized" . -"True ease in writing comes from Art, not Chance, as those move easiest who have learned to dance"
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Joseph Campbell's The Hero's Journey
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Supernatural aid- Threshold Guardian (enter unknown)- Threshold- Helper- Mentor- Temptation- Revelation- Transformation- Atonement- Return (back to known)
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Pope critics should be...
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CRITICS SHOULD be "Still pleased to teach, and yet not proud to know...learned, well-bred, sincere, modestly bold, and humanely sincere"
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Pope missed
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the Good Old Days of the Classical Era
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Pope, classic vs. neo-classic critics
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-In the Golden Age: "Such once were critics, such the happy few/ Athens and Rome in better ages knew" . -HOWEVER, He finds that critics are either "pleased too little or too much" (191), or only look for their pet qualities: sound, diction, unities, conceit..." -Critics praise in others what they like in themselves, and attack those who disagree—Dryden fell victim to this, Pope declares.
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Pope using "Macflecknoe" as a model...
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Pope would use Dryden's "Macflecknoe" as a model for his "Dunciad": where Dryden attacked Shadwell, Pope had his revenge on Theobald ("Tibbald") and Colley Cibber, another undeserving Poet Laureate. The success and popularity of writers which Pope and Dryden considered inferior was to them a harbinger of the death of England's great literary tradition.
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Pope, Milton, and Locke (Essay on Man)
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-Pope's Essay on Man is a literary achievement chastising what he saw as Modern arrogance and degeneracy, and laying out a foundational worldview for Ethical behavior. -His debt to and admiration of not only John Milton, but also John Locke, can be clearly seen in lines 16- 18 of the opening Epistle.
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Trends and Trend-Makers in the coffee or chocolate houses
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In an increasingly urban society, the coffeehouse or chocolate shop became a center for meeting, trade, and conversation. Addison's and Steele's latest articles would have been roundly debated in such places all over London.
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Addison and Steele's relationship
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-Were lifelong friends. -Both wrote Plays: Addison, the more serious responsible guy, wrote tragedy, while Steele, a bit more Cavalier, wrote comedy. -Steele nearly killed a man in a duel, and wrote against the practice later. -They each wrote for each other's newspapers: first for Steele's brainchild, then for Addison's, whose paper began publication just after Steele's ended its run.
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Notable things about Addison
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-An excellent student, he won a fellowship at Oxford. -Became Secretary of State. -Created The Spectator, a daily paper wittily expounding various viewpoints on British Society: from students, to clergy, to country squire, to businessman.
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Notable things about Steele
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-Dropped out of Oxford to join the military -Became an MP and the manager of the Theater Royale in Drury Lane. -Created The Tatler, a thrice weekly publication designed to spark intelligent, lively discussion across genders and classes.
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The spirit of Orientalism
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A spirit of Orientalism pervaded the 18th century: in fashion and in décor and even in servants. It became the "in" thing for wealthy women to have little African pageboys, elaborately dressed, following them about with huge feather fans. They practically wore these boys as accessories.
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Notable things about APHRA BEHN
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-Was rather a trendsetter herself. -A playwright, poet, and composer of the narrative "Oroonoko," she was befriended by Dryden, spied for Charles II, and openly confessed her need to write for money. That a Woman would do all these things made her a fascinating, scandalous figure. -Virginia Woolf later claimed that it was Aphra Behn "who earned [women] the right to speak their minds. "
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The Rise of the Narrative, history
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Thus far, we have read very few narratives in prose in this course. The 18th century is also credited with the Rise of the Novel, out of many, muddled narrative forms. Behn's Oroonoko, for instance, is a mish-mash of Romance (the fair, imperiled Imoinda), Biography (the life of a Royal Slave), History(British practices overseas), Travelogue, and Adventure (Oroonoko is as strong as a 100 men, and there are some pretty bloody conflicts here).
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The Rise of the Narrative, Daniel Defoe
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Much of Daniel Defoe's work, like Robinson Crusoe, or Moll Flanders, are fictional narratives disguised as one or more of the forms previously mentioned.
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Oroonoko's popularity
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In a world where slavery still thrived and little African pageboys could be seen all over London, Behn's "Oroonoko" was popular and controversial, with its noble main character, a man gifted by nature far beyond his captors. The book was utilized in the fight to end slavery in the British Isles.
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Major players of the English Restoration
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John Dryden, Charles II, and James II
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Restoration as a word means...
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to bring back something which was lost—was a term that carried multiple connotations (Intellectual, Spiritual, and Politically)
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Intellectual changes in the Restoration
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Intellectually, people hoped the advancement of learning and science would help them perfect society. Milton and others believed that the purpose of learning was to restore the Edenic state we had lost. Charles II went to Royal Society meetings.
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Spiritual changes in the Restoration
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Spiritually, Notions of Christian renewal melded with ideals of the return of the Golden Age of the Roman Empire (See Dryden's "Annus Mirablis.") Augustan (Neo-Classical) style reigned in literature, as in architecture. Even the triumphal arches built for King Charles' procession looked Grecian, not flamboyant as had those built for James I.
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Political changes in the Restoration
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Politically, people looked forward to a new PAX BRITTANICA, or time of peace for Britain, maintained by prosperous trade and an invincible navy.
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How Charles II historically effected England
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- He has incessant public affairs with actresses (and others), overtly awarding them titles and money, and while his illegitimate children proliferate (and are also given titles), he neglects his wife to the extent that he fails to produce an heir. -Among the aristocracy, many marriages fail and families are ruined financially by the general abounding debauchery .
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How Charles II defended the arts
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-Partly in response to the loosening of Puritan strictures, and partly as a response to their new role model, England becomes a society which elevates urban pleasures above all else. The pastoral is passe. -The theaters, closed by Cromwell, reopen, and the fashions and mores of plays and actors dominate the social scene. -Because of the King and churches' Cavalier attitude to religion, Sacred poetry is out of style (Dryden only wrote 2 in his life). Aristocratic poetry loses the gallantry of the Cavaliers, but retains the raciness. Satire and Comedy reign. Witty repartee is developed in conversation and in Literature.
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The Puritans during the reign of Charles II
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-In hiding or prison, largely. Milton feared his Paradise Lost had been published at the wrong time, and Bunyan was writing Pilgrims Progress from prison. -Events like the Great Plague of 1665 and the Great Fire of 1666 caused the devout to believe the end of the world was near, and that Judgment Day was coming for England.
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what people could do if they disliked Charles II
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those who really disliked Charles (and his Catholic leanings) did all they could to sabotage his rule and the succession of his Catholic brother, James II. From manufacturing a catholic "conspiracy" to assassinate Charles, to scheming to have his favorite illegitimate son, the Duke of Monmouth, take over the throne. The plot failed, but Dryden's "Absolom and Acitophel" tells the story through Biblical allegory.
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Dryden's background/ life before and after Charles II (history)
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John Dryden was born during the reign of Charles I (1631) , into a family that opposed him in the Civil War, held a position in Cromwell's Protectorate, became one of the original members of the Royal Society (inspired by the empirical inquiries of Francis Bacon), celebrated the King's return, was made Poet Laureate in 1668, received a stipend as "royal historian," wrote an Anglican profession of faith in 1682, became a Catholic (under James II's Catholic court)
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Dryden after Charles II dies
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just in time to have King William declare it treason, lost his Poet Laureateship to the hated Shadwell, the SH----- of "MacFlecknoe", and was saved from drawing and quartering by his powerful friends.
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Earl Miner noted what about every 17th c. poet?
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"It will be observed that every major 17th century poet was named John...and changed his religion at least once" (Earl Miner xi)
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Dryden's popularity compared to other poets
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Although poets and playwrights proliferated during the Restoration, John Dryden's name and work have endured more than anyone else's during that period. He has never been out of print.
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How was Dryden's work public by nature?
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His work is very Public in nature, and heavily based in Allusions to Classical or Biblical precedents. If there was a public event of any nature, it was commented upon in his work. "Astrae Redux" celebrates Charles II's return, "Annus Mirabilis" muses on the Great Fire of London, "Absalom and Acitophel" described the Earl of Shaftesbury's plot to put the King's favorite bastard on the throne, "MacFlecknoe" mocks a poetic rival for the title of "son of Ben Jonson", All for Love satirizes social mores, and "Religio Laici" defends Anglicanism from Catholicism, and "The Hind and the Panther," which does the opposite.
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What happened after Dryden died?
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He died as the 18th century was born, in 1700, and became a sort of literary father to the literature of the "Age of Reason" and the brilliant satire that followed. Alexander Pope , Samuel Johnson, and others walked in his footsteps.
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What is Dryden's work about?
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His work is about reason, the order of society, the laws of nature and the response of mankind. It is characterized by correct judgment, sharp wit, and a balance of generosity and satire.
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Dryden quotes:
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- "Bold knaves thrive without one grain of sense, But Good men starve for lack of impudence." -"For Art may Err, but Nature cannot miss" -"What flocks of critics hover here today, As vultures wait on armies for their prey, All gaping for the carcass of a play! With croaking notes they bode some dire event And follow dying poets by the scent." -"God would not leave mankind without a way: And that the scriptures, though not every where Free from corruption, or entire, or clear, Are uncorrupt, sufficient, clear, entire, In all things which our needfull Faith require." -How hard to make a man appear a fool, a blockhead, or a knave without using any of those opprobrious terms!...A witty man is tickled while he is hurt in this manner, and a fool feels it not.
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Swift's life span (time period)
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Born during the Reign of Charles II, Swift lived well into the 18th century Period of European History that we call the "Enlightenment," dying in 1745, at the ripe old age of 78.
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Swift's Christian & Enlightenment tension
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As a Christian, Swift could not buy into Enlightenment ideas about the fundamental goodness and earthly perfectability of mankind. Much of his work is intended to expose the "dizzying abyss of corrupt human nature" (Samuel Monk 632)
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What Swift's work aims to do
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His work aimed at exposing the fallacies he saw in English cultural practice and thought in his time, even to the point of disagreeing with his good friend Alexander Pope's Essay on Man.
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Swift and Gulliver's Travels
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He had been pronounced mentally incompetent by the end of his life, and some readers who didn't like what he had had to say in books like Gulliver's Travels tried to imply it was the work of an incipient madman. It didn't work, though, and his work is still respected as some of the most brilliant and potent satire ever composed.
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Swift's Major Works
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-A Modest Proposal: that the poor Irish should sell their children for the rich English to eat, since the rich were "devouring" the poor anyway. -A Tale of a Tub: an allegory by which three men in a tub represent the Catholics, the Dissenters, and the Church of England, and by which Swift defends the Anglican church, with hilarious satirical digressions along the way. -The Battle of the Books: a fine mock-epic in which new popular authors fight older, classical authors for the top rank in literature, and fail miserably. -"Abolition of Christianity in England": why not, since it contradicts everything we do six days a week? -Gulliver's Travels: a satire of the physical, political, intellectual, and moral qualities of mankind. -He also contributed to the Tatler and the Spectator
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Enlightenment Tenetsthat Swift Wouldn't Swallow
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1.) Rationalism (Descartes "I think, therefore I am") Swift rejected rationalism because rationalism rejected the wisdom of the past, and Swift believed reason alone could never attain truth. 2.) Scientific ideas of Progress: Swift did not believe in an ever-improving future through the development of plastics. 3.) The "goodness" of human nature. Swift saw its fallenness everywhere, and exposed it. 4.) Free trade and new money. Swift felt that the greed and irresponsibility of the new culture of wealth was corrupting old human institutions.
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Swift as a Christian Humanist
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Swift was concerned with the moral and spiritual state of humankind, and as a Christian Humanist he felt that the ENLIGHTENMENT had missed the boat. He must have felt like an Old Testament Prophet constantly chastizing the Israelites to change their wicked ways.
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Gulliver as a Travel Narrative
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The book is a "travel narrative", a very popular genre of the era, which had begun with the rage for exploration, and, by the 18th century, morphed into various fictional forms, like Daniel Defoe's 1712 novel, Robinson Crusoe. It is also an early work of Science Fiction.
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What is a travel narrative?
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Keeping a travel journal was designed to allow the writer to explore the differences between British culture and the other cultures he encountered. By leaving home, we always learn more about it, and about ourselves.
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Gulliver's Travels: Structure
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Lemuel Gulliver, our fictional traveler, represents the average good-natured, somewhat educated Englishman. He takes four voyages, and "visits" four societies: Lilliput (the tiny people), Brobdingnag (a land of giants), Laputa (where scientists enforce their version of reality on the weak), and a land of the Houyhnhnms, (rational horses who keep despicable yahoos (humans) as their slaves,) each of which sheds light on the one he has left. At the end of the tale, Gulliver hates humankind (preferring the company of horses), but he does claim all the places he visited as colonies of England.
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Gulliver's Travels: Targets, Satire
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Good satire makes us laugh with scorn—until we suddenly recognize ourselves... The miniature, the outsized, and the horse-eye view make us see ourselves from different angles, like a funhouse mirror. Scatological references abound.
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Gulliver's Travels: Target: Religious Differences (Pride):
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The show-off Lilliputians are at war over the interpretation of their "scripture," leading them to crack eggs differently and to disagree on the ideal heel-height for shoes. (2353, 2352)
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Gulliver's Travels: Target: Exploitation (Greed):
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Gulliver is used as a sideshow attraction by the Brobdingnagian farmer who first owns him, treated as a doll by the farmer's daughter, and then becomes a court amusement, when he is bought by the Queen. Later, a Yahoo tries to rape him. As a stranger in strange lands, he represents all the vulnerable classes/peoples of society.
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Gulliver's Travels: Target: Scientific Progress Goes Boink (Selfishness):
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the Laputans are intellectuals who don't notice if their own houses are falling down, because they are too busy trying to extract sunbeams from cucumbers. They need servants (flappers) to shake rattles in their ears. These people of science take all their food from land "below" them, living off more "normal" people. The only person with common sense in this land was shoved out of power for being too practical.
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Swift Writes to Pope about Gulliver's Travels
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"When you think of the world, give it one lash the more at my request. I have ever hated all Nations, Professions, and Communities, and all my love is toward individuals...Upon this great foundation of Misanthropy (although not in Timon's manner) the whole building of my travels is erected..." "I tell you after all I do not hate mankind, it is vous autres who hate them, because you would have them reasonable animals, and are angry at being disappointed..."
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Works from The Middle Ages:
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Dream of the Rood, Caedmon's Hymn,Geoffrey of Monmouth; "The Myth of Arthur's Return"; Layamon; "Arthur's dream" from Brut Malory, from Morte Darthur Beowulf, Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, "The Parable of the Christ-Knight", Chaucer, Canterbury Tales Prologue, The Miller's Prologue and Tale, the Wife of Bath's Tale, Chaucer, The Pardoner's Prologue and Tale and Nun's Priest's Tale, "The Wakefield Second Shepherd's Play", Everyman, Langland, Piers Plowman; Margery Kempe, from The Book of Margery Kempe
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Works from The Renaissance:
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Spenser, The Faerie Queen, Book 2, Canto 12; "Epithalamion"; Queen Elizabeth, "Speech to the Troops" (597), Sir Philip Sidney, "Astrophil and Stella", Christopher Marlowe, "The Passionate Shepherd to His Love"; Sir Walter Raleigh, "The Nymph's Reply to the Shepherd"; Michael Drayton, "Ode to the Virginian Voyage", Shakespearian sonnets. Thomas More, Utopia Book I, Tyndale, "The Obedience of a Christian Man," Calvin "The Institution of Christian Religion," Foxe, "from Acts and Monuments", William Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night"
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The Seventeenth Century: Metaphysical Poets
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John Donne: "The Flea", "The Good Morrow"," Song", "The Sun Rising", "The Canonization", "A Valediction: Forbidding Mourning", "Elegy 19"; Holy Sonnets #5, 7, 10, 14; "Hymn to God My God, in My Sickness", "A Hymn to God the Father" George Herbert: "Redemption", "Jordan", "The Collar", "The Pulley", "Love"; Vaughn "Regeneration", "Corruption," "The World"; Crashaw, from "Steps to the Temple"; "The Flaming Heart"
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The Cavalier Poets:
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Robert Herrick, "Upon the Loss of His Mistresses", "Delight in Disorder," "To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time"; Sir John Suckling, "Song" "Loving and Beloved", Richard Lovelace, "To Lucasta, on Going to Wars," "To Althea, from Prison", Andrew Marvell, "A Dialogue between Soul and Body", "To His Coy Mistress"
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Essayists:
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Sir Francis Bacon, From Novum Organum; Burton, from "Love Melancholy"; Hobbes, from "Leviathan"
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Other 17th century works
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Ben Jonson, Volpone, John Webster, The Duchess of Malfi, John Milton, Paradise Lost
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The Restoration and the Eighteenth Century
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John Dryden, "Annus Mirabilis", "Absolom and Achitophel," "Mac Flecknoe", "Wit as Propriety", Congreve, "The Way of the World", Addison and Steele; "The Aims of the Spectator"; "Wit: True, False, Mixed"; Aphra Behn, "Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave", Alexander Pope, An Essay on Man; The Rape of the Lock; Jonathan Swift, Gulliver's Travels, Johnson, "The Vanity of Human Wishes", "Prologue Spoken by Mr. Garrick"; "On Fiction"; "On Biography". Gray, "Elegy in a Country Churchyard"; Goldsmith "The Deserted Village" Cowper, "The Task"
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John Dryden's works
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"Annus Mirabilis", "Absolom and Achitophel," "Mac Flecknoe", "Wit as Propriety"
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Congreve's works
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"The Way of the World"
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Addison and Steele's works
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"The Aims of the Spectator"; "Wit: True, False, Mixed
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Aphra Behn's works
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"Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave"
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Alexander Pope's works
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An Essay on Man; The Rape of the Lock;
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Jonathan Swift's works
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Gulliver's Travels
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Johnson's works
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"The Vanity of Human Wishes", "Prologue Spoken by Mr. Garrick"; "On Fiction"; "On Biography"
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Gray's works
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"Elegy in a Country Churchyard"
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Goldsmith's works
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"The Deserted Village" Cowper, "The Task"
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Summary of Annus Mirabilis
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espite the poem's name 'year of wonders' was one of great tragedy, involving both the Plague and the Great Fire of London. Samuel Johnson wrote that Dryden used the phrase 'annus mirabilis' because it was a wonder that things were not worse
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Annus Mirabilis, Wit and Judgement
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-Cromwell was a "scourge his country will lawless savory" but heaven provided him -God protected Charles II -returning to the Golden Age of Queen Elizabeth
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Absolom and Achitophel summary
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Dryden's political satire Absalom and Achitophel reflects upon politics in England during the era of the Popish Plot (1679-1681), when the Whig Party, under the leadership of the earl of Shaftesbury, sought to prevent the legitimate succession of James, duke of York, because of his Catholicism. The Whigs supported a parliamentary bill that would have placed the illegitimate son of Charles II, James, duke of Monmouth, on the throne. Alarmed by efforts to tamper with established monarchical power, Dryden employs the biblical revolt against David by his son Absalom as a parallel narrative to discredit the Whig cause.
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Absolom and Achitophel, art and nature
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Thus, form'd by Nature, furnish'd out with arts, He glides unfelt into their secret hearts: Then, with a kind compassionating look, And sighs, bespeaking pity e'er he spoke: Few words he said; but easy those and fit: More slow than Hybla drops, and far more sweet. In pious times, ere priest-craft did begin, Before polygamy was made a sin; When man, on many, multipli'd his kind, Ere one to one was cursedly confin'd: When Nature prompted, and no Law deni'd Promiscuous use of concubine and bride; Then, Israel's monarch, after Heaven's own heart, His vigorous warmth did variously impart To wives and slaves: and, wide as his command, Scatter'd his Maker's image through the land. Your case no tame expedients will afford; Resolve on death, or conquest by the sword, Which for no less a stake than life, you draw; And self-defence is Nature's eldest law.
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Mac Flecknoe summary
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The result was "Mac Flecknoe," John Dryden's literary takedown of Thomas Shadwell, an imaginative and hilarious satire extraordinaire. Whether it's epically ironic, or ironically epic (you'll have to read on and tell us which one you think), the poem pretty much carved out its own genre: the mock-epic, or mock-heroic.
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Mac Flecknoe, Law vs. Order
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-general laws of nature stated. Honor is the first law. -watchtower remains become browel house, wrong direction -works of supporter are used for toilet paper
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Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave, Art vs. Nature, points for the essay
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-states general laws of nature, such as honor being the first code. Men often feel guilty about following order. -the village of Oroonoko is so much like original nature it is likened to Adam and Eve before original sin. When a foreign person lies about when he is coming back, they assume that he must be dead for they don't understand this "art" which misleads nature. -slavery as either art or nature. Some people are born into slavery, so it is natural then. However, it is poor "art" and misfortune that makes the prince a slave.
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Oroonoko, or The Royal Slave, Law vs. Order
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-natural law vs. man made law -sacrifice necessary for cultural order -king feels guilty when following his own laws
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an essay on man summary
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Pope's principle for understanding man is the Great Chain of Being, which orders all creation according to God's will. The disorders which man sees in the universe are actually parts of some larger perfection which man's limited knowledge cannot perceive. Man's prideful speculations, not the external universe, are the cause of his misery. Within man himself, there is also an order based on the workings of self-love (the faculty of desire) and reason (the faculty of judgment). Right living depends upon the two working in harmony, since neither is good or evil in itself. Rather, good or evil arises out of their proper or improper use. Human society also partakes of this universal order. The imitation of nature and rational self-love enable man to create a successful social order, but his favoring of a particular government or religion, instead of reliance on general principles, creates dissension and tyranny. Man's end--happiness--is attained when he submits to Providence and dispenses with pride.
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Law and Order- Absolom and Achitophel, examples for short answer
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-the people are likened to the Jews who tried to overthrow king David (Charles II). -Order can be contradictory to law, strengthens King Charles II's character by noting natural law once did not prohibit polygamy, uses Biblical supported evidence of nature to support Charles II's character -Charles II is called the Defender of the Faith because he supports Law, those who are against this order are the villains. It is noted of both David and the Father that they are not a tyrant that breaks Law -It is noted as both lawful and orderly that James I (whatever heir of King David or natural line) should ascend to the throne -those who like order is blessing, "heaven will punish the bad and restore the good" -plot failed for lack of common sense
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Wit and Judgement, Wit: True, False, Mixed, points for short Essay, Addison
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-Judgement: whatever affirms nothing does not lie, mentions his own education as an indication that he is a good judge in these matters -Judgement (Reason) can tell the difference between the types of wit -They note that a lot of their judgement is based on common knowledge -They note that those who have wit may not have reason -pure wit: lies in the "resemblance" of ideas -false wit: wordplay (such as puns), and can be a falsehood -mixed wit: combines the two. This mixed wit is praised to some degree, called "more or less perfect" at one point, but falls below true wit, people like Dryden would be in this category
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Biblical and Classical Allusions, The Rape of the Lock
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-In the last lines of Canto V of The Rape of the Lock, the lock of hair is described as ascending into heaven behind a "sudden star" (line 77). -The heavenly ascent of the lock mocks the romantic intrigues around which Belinda's life has revolved (lines 83-88). -The lock of hair is said to ascended into the heavens, where it is amongst "broken vows and sick man's prayers" (2531). The lock of hair cannot be envied in Heaven. -Enoch, Elijah, Jesus, and not too unlike Mother Mary -The speaker begins the poem by invoking the "Gods" and "Muses" who've inspired him to write, just like Homer and Virgil do at the beginnings of The Iliad, The Odyssey, and The Aeneid. -Pope hits all of the highlights of epic-battle convention: lines 37-44 introduce the King face-cards as if they were the commanders of armies like the Greeks and Trojans; lines 46-64 recount the exploits of the ace of spades and the two of spades ("Spadillio" and "Manillio") as if they were Hector and Achilles, and the remaining lines recount taken tricks as if the cards were soldiers killed and wounded in battle. -Clarissa's reasonable speech here is an almost line-for-line parody of the speech that Sarpedon, a Trojan noble, makes to his son Glaucus, urging him to win glory by leading the attack on the invading Greeks, from Book 12 of Homer's Iliad.
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Greed, Power, & Disguises in The Dream of the Rood
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-the whole thing is a dream vision, a disguise for Christian theology to represent a Christian -tree was cut down and taken by enemies to be used as an instrument of torture, suffered with Christ, but rose again with him -warfare imagery to divine imagery, overcoming the greed aspect of riches and the false power pursued by Christ's enemies
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Greed, Power, & Disguises Sir Gawain and the Green Knight
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-the tendency to have greed or lust for power is very human, the Green Knight in many ways illustrates this aspect of Gawain coming out -Gawain in the end seeks to use power, his own devices in keeping the belt, for self-preservation and results in a lack of faith -greed to keep the belt was a misplaced love of his own life
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Greed, Power, & Disguises The Pardoner's Tale
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-has corrupt power himself, and the tale is a guise meant to get people to buy false relics -Devil reveals greed within the thieves, and how it destoried them -tries to trick audience​ into belief
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Greed, Power, & Disguises Twelfth Night
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-the victims of disguise are greedy or prideful -Malvolio's greed for power ends himself locked up in a dark cell and is accused of being mad. -people who are hungering for the excess
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Greed, Power, & Disguises The Altar
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-The speaker uses the alter as a disguise for his heart -putting all efforts into praise instead of something that will die -he wants God's sacrifice to be his
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Greed, Power, & Disguises A Dialogue between Body and Soul
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-soul and the body are fighting for power over each other
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Greed, Power, & Disguises, Leviathan
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-humans disguised as monsters -peace is done for self-preservation
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Greed, Power, & Disguises, Volpone
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Disguise sometimes serves simply to conceal, as it does when Peregrine dupes Sir Politic Would-be. But sometimes it reveals inner truths that a person's normal attire may conceal. Volpone, for example, publicly reveals more of his "true self" (his vital, healthy self) when he dresses as Scoto Mantua; and Scoto's speeches seem to be filled with authorial comment from Jonson himself. Furthermore, disguise is seen to exert a certain force and power all of its own; by assuming one, people run the risk of changing their identity, of being unable to escape the disguise. This is certainly the case for Mosca and Volpone in Act V, whose "disguised" identities almost supersede their actual ones.
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Greed, Power, & Disguises, Paradise Lost
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Satan's continuing process of degradation is reflected in his use of progressively despicable, lowly disguises. Through these first three books of Paradise Lost, Satan's physical presence takes many different forms. In Book I, he is a monumental figure so large that the largest tree would seem a paltry wand in his hand. In Book III, he disguises himself as a cherub, but his inner turmoil ultimately ruins this benign-seeming appearance. Satan is later described as leaping over Eden's fence like a wolf into a sheep's pen. While he does not exactly take the form of a wolf, he continues to be compared to and associated with wild, predatory animals. He takes the shape of a bird atop the Tree of Life, then morphs into a toad to whisper temptation into Eve's ear. Satan's shapes become progressively less impressive and stately. Once an imposing figure, he shrinks himself to become a lesser angel, then a mere bird, and finally a much less appealing animal: a toad.
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Greed, Power, & Disguises, Gulliver's Travels
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- But Gulliver kind of worships them, and it's worth talking about why. Here are some of the characteristics Gulliver singles out for comment: there are no words in Houyhnhnm language for any of the bad things we humans do, including lying, power, greed, or jealousy. In fact, Gulliver has a lot of trouble explaining human nature to his best buddy, the Master Horse, because he keeps having to talk around things that the Master Horse has no concept of. The best example of this kind of talking around that Gulliver has to do is "the thing which is not" (4.5.6), a phrase that the Master Horse uses to get as close as he can to "lie" in Houyhnhnm language. -Breaking laws is not rational, so they don't need to spell out their codes of behavior. This is like a more perfect version of the less-than-twenty-words Brobdingnagian rule about law - the Houyhnhnms don't need to limit the length of their laws because they don't even need laws. They all agree about the rightness of what to do.
