BIS 2A UC Davis Learning Goals – Flashcards
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3.2 Describe the functional roles of the cell membrane the nucleus, the mitochondrion, the endoplasmic reticulum, the golgi apparatus, the peroxisome, the lysosome the vacuole the chloroplast ------ and their interrelationships
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*Mitochondria generates energy aka ATP *
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DLG 4 Create complementary strands of DNA from a given sequence. (8.1)
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You have your top portion which is "nonsense"strand or non-reading strand. That strand is identical to the newly made mRNA (except T goes to U) The bottom portion is "reading" strand or "sense" strand
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4.5 Describe the key components of the central dogma and how they relate to each other. (8.1-2)
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1. DNA contains genes which are sections of DNA that code for specific RNA 2. RNA makes specific proteins 3. Proteins make me 4. Me
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4.16 Define and explain the different vocab terms used to describe mutations. 1. point 2. deletion 3. insertion 4. nosense 5. frameshift 6. null 7. loss of function 8. gain of function and be able to predict their impact on protein function.
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2. *deletion* mean you took out a "letter" which leads to a 5. *frameshift* 3. *Insertion* means you added an extra letter
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4.19 Describe how genotype and phenotype are linked. If given a genotype, be able to predict the phenotype and vice versa.
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1. genotype- are made up of DNA
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5.6 Describe how allelic segregation and independent assortment result in inheritance of characteristics through the process of meiosis and sexual reproduction
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Independent assortment - where two different genes do not affect each other. ---> i.e. where having hitch hikers dumb trait and the attached earlobe trait do not affect each other. *when they do affect each other it seems to be when the traits are found in the same chromosome and thus they "travel" together.
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segregation
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Separation of the two alleles Were you find the probability of occurrence of one of the alleles and do the same for the other.
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gene regulation vocab: 1. regulatory gene 2. Regulatory sequence
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1. a gene on the DNA that regulates another gene somewhere farther down. 2. found just above the gene
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Steps of Gene regulation
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*you start with DNA which makes mRNA which then makes proteins which make ME* *you can regulate a gene at any point but usually occurs during Transcription 1. *Regulatory sequence* which allows the RNA polymerase to get on >In eukaryotes = TATA/ATAT box 2. Then you have a *regulatory protein* coming from somewhere else >Eukaryotes = TATA binding protein, which will grab on to the TATA box which then allows RNA polymerase to grab on and express the gene.
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The lac operon
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1. bacteria has a number of genes >three genes which are required to deal with lactose. They are put right next to each other 2. Above the gene they have a *regulatory sequence* a.k.a a promoter which is where DNA polymerase grabs on 3. In between the promoter (leftmost) and the gene (rightmost) there is an operon aka an operator (on/off switch) >*operator* regulates whether the genes are on or off 4. *represor* which will "plug" into the operator. As long as the represor is "plugged" RNA polymerase can't get on ;It is "plugged" when there is a lack of lactose 5. When there is latose, the lactose binds to the represor, changing its shape so it no longer fits into the operator 6. Without the repressor, RNA polymerase can bind to the promoter and make mRNA for each of the genes which in turn make proteins that break down the lactose
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1.binary fission 2.mitosis 3. meiosis
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1.when a bacteria cell is going to make two cells that are exact copies of the original cell 2. when one eukaryotic cell makes two cells that are exact copies of that cell. 3. when we create gametes which have half the genetic information which give variability *this whole thing is positive control* You are off when there isn't any lactose present, but at the presence of lactose you turn on.
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TRP operon
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*has a negative control* It has give different genes placed right next to each other (on the rightmost) 1. everything else is the same. you have your promoter, operator (operon) and your genes. 2. You have a represor that is "plugged" into the operon when there is Tryptophan present (unlike Lac operon)
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gene regulation of humans
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*we don't have operons we have "junk DNA" *use *transcription factors* which only after we have a number of transcription factors present will allow RNA polymeraze to attack to the promoter. There will be other transcription factors "holding" it in place. DNA from upstream (fruther to the left) will have to fold with the help of transcription factors. This folded DNA will fold into the RNA polymeraze and active it to proceed on making the mRNA and then the protein.
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mitosis
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It is the division of the nuclei and division of the rest of the cell = cytokinesis *Start with a homologous chromosomes. Interphase = dna replication giving you sister chromatids. They meet in the middle with spindles attached to their sides and are pulled aside.
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meiosis
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take one cell and make four cells out of it. 1st you duplicate each of the chromosomes 2nd you have chromosomes that are swapping over
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Meiosis
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1.Start with a cell where (2n=4) there are 4 chromosomes 2. S-phase we copy those chromosomes (exact copies) 3. *prophase* Now the homologous chromosomes are going to come together and meet in the middle and wind around each other really tight that little bits from the female chromosome are going to switch places with the male *crossover* 4. Spindle fibers will form and they are pulled apart (two individual chromosomes to each end) 5. Each set of two chromosomes are going to pull apart again ending up with four nuclei that are haploid 6.
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Cell-cycle checkpoint
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The cell cycle has three internal checkpoints that evaluate (check up) the condition of the genetic information. Occurs in the eukaryotic cell Damaged DNA and other external factors are evaluated at the G1 checkpoint. G2 checkpoint make sure that all of the chromosomes have been replicated and that the replicated DNA is not damaged before entering M phase. M checkpoint (occuring at the end of the metaphase stage of mitosis) determines whether all of the sister chromatids are correctly attached to the spindle microtubules before the cell enters the anaphase stage
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centrosomes
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made up of microtubules which then form a spindle 2. You have centrioles which organize the microtubules and the spindle
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Mitosis 1. Prophase 2. Prometaphase 3. Metaphase 4. anaphase 5. telophase
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0. Interphase- copied/duplicated DNA and centrosomes are replicated. 1. Phrophase, the chromosomes condense and mitotic spindle forms 2. Nuclear envelope (where the chromosomes are inside of) and the microtubules are starting to attach to the kinetochores in the middle (some of them) 3. Sister chromatids are lined up in the middle (mataphase = meet in the middle) 4. chromatids are separating (Anaphase = apart) and we get equal amount of DNA in each of those daughter cells. 5. We form a new nuclei on each side. The cells are elongating and that cleavage furrow is forming and new nuclei envelop forms surrounding the new chromosomes.
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haploid
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are the sex cells (aka gamates). You can get this when you are a diploid cell but go through meiosis to make gamates
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gamates
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aka sex cells sperm for males eggs for women haploid
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Somatic cells
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body cells and they are all going to be diploid
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diploid
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When there are two chromosomes. You can either have: *homologous chromosomes* which look to be about the same (length), centromeres are in same location and the same genes up and down. However they will have different alleles or different versions of those genes.
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crossing over
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you are getting a combination chromosome that has parts from your mom and dad's diploid chromosomes.
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homologous chromosomes
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a set of one maternal and one paternal chromosomes that pair up with each in meiosis
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define them, and rank them in order from largest to smallest 1. chromosome 2. base pair 3. genome 4. gene
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3. *Genome* is all of the genetic information inside of a cell. It is going to contain the genetic information of the chromosomes and the info found in the mitochondria and chroloplasts. 1. *Chromosomes* are different segments of that genome cut into more usable forms that can easily divide between cells. When a *chromosomes* is depicted as an "X" it means it has gone through interphase and it has duplicated the two sides of the chromosome 4. *Genes* are parts of the chromosome. Each *gene codes for one specific protein 2. *base pairs* -building blocks of genes and are found within a gene. These are going to be nitrogenous bases [A to T and C to G]
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Chromosomes made up of:
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Nucleosomes that look like little pearls but are in fact made up of DNA wrapped up in 8 histones
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Gene
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*we are currently zoomed into the DNA double helix that is found wrapped around histones in chromosomes* A gene is a section of DNA that codes for one specific protein. There are thousands of genes through out the DNA. In between all of those genes there are *regulatory portions* that are turning those genes on or off. Inside a gene you have Base.
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What is inside a gene?
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You have base pairs made up of the nitrogenous bases [i.e. T to A and C to G].
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BASE PAIRS
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Are the smallest bits of information. They come together to code for specific amino acids which eventually make the proteins.
