Modern Japan midterm – Flashcards
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Oda Nobunaga
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First of the pre-Tokugawa unifiers who unified roughly one-third of Japan; began tax and stipend systems and made cadastral survey.
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Toyotomi Hideyoshi
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Lieutenant of Nobunaga who began hostage system and finished disarming peasants. Left unstable group of regents to rule.
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Tokugawa Ieyasu
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Regent of Hideyoshi who became first Tokugawa ruler by defeating the other regents in the Battle of Sekigahara and demanding the title of shogun from the emperor. Began "settlements" and started control of the daimyo.
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Tokugawa Iemitsu
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Grandson of Ieyasu who reorganized the daimyo into groups and began the sankin kotai system.
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Battle of Sekigahara
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1600 Battle in which Ieyasu defeated the other regents and daimyo loyal to Hideyoshi to become shogun and set up a dynasty.
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Shōgun
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"Barbarian-quelling generalissimo"; title and accompanying power given by the emperor to the head of the military government.
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Daimyō
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"Great name"; military leaders of regions.
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Shinpan
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Daimyo who were family members of the Tokugawa
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Fudai
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Daimyo allied with the Tokugawa
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Tozama
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Outer daimyo, the former opponents of the Tokugawa
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Samurai
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Servant warrior.
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Ako Vendetta
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1701; Lord Asano attacks Lord Kira
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Sakoku
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Edicts which limited the Japanese people's contact with the West
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Taikun
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Title used by Tokugawa shogun to differentiate themselves from both the emperor and the Chinese system of nobles.
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Sankin-kōtai
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alternate attendance system
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Tōkaidō
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Seaside travel route linking Kyoto, Edo, and Osaka
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Nakasendō
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Mountain road linking Kyoto, Edo, and Osaka
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Nikkō Shrine
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Official Tokugawa shrine
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Ise Shrine
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Official imperial shrine
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Suzuki Shōzan
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Former Sekigahara samurai turned Buddhist priest and kogaku thinker who wrote "Right Action for All"
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Hayashi Razan
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Kogaku thinker who wrote "On the Investigation of Things"
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Taigi-meibun
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"Great righteousness"; the fulfillment of one's proper duty
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Kōgaku
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"Ancient Learning"; return to ancient Chinese literature
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Ogyū Sōrai
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Tokugawa scholar and philosopher of the kogaku school; wrote "The Confucian Way as Way of Government"
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Motoori Norinaga
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Kokugaku thinker who wrote "Precious Comb-box"
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Hirata Atsutane
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Kokugaku thinker who wrote "On Japanese Learning" and stressed the universality of mono no aware.
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Kokugaku
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"National Learning"; return to ancient Japanese literature
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Ihara Saikaku
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Wrote "The Eternal Storehouse of Japan"
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Matsuo Basho
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Leading haiku poet in the Tokugawa era
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Chikamatsu Monzaemon
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Popular fictionalist who wrote "Love Suicides at Sonezaki"
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Jōruri
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Musical narrative accompaniment to bunraku puppet theatre
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Ukiyo-e
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Popular genre of woodblock prints depicting the "floating world"
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Mito School
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Intellectual school heavily influenced by Aizawa Yasushi's "New Theses."
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Aizawa Yasuchi/Seishisai
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Writer of the incendiary 1825 "New Theses"
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Sonnō jōi
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Anti-West sentiment.
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Kokutai
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The emperor is the essence of the nation.
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Dutch Learning
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Western-style learning, specifically medicine, adopted from Dutch traders
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Matthew Perry
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American commodore who made the first unequal treaty with Japan
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Treaty of Kanagawa
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1854 treaty with Commodore Perry
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Townsend Harris
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First American consul in Japan, who convinced Japan to open trade relations with the UK in 1858
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"Unequal Treaties"
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Treaties which give one party total control over trade ports and affairs with the other party.
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Shishi
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"Men of Purpose" who thought the best way to achieve political change was by assassinating officials
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Yoshida Shōin
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Choshu samurai and scholar whose teachings produced the daimyo loyalists who would begin Meiji
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Ii Naosuke
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Bakufu leader who signed the Harris Treaties without imperial permission
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Ansei Purge
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1858 elimination by Ii Naosuke through a series of forced resignments, imprisonments, and executions
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Sakamoto Ryōma
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Tosa loyalist who anecdotally was persuaded from murderous anger to reasonable faith in the Western-leaning Meiji regime
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Charter Oath
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1868 decree of the 5 aims of the new Meiji government
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Ōkubo Toshimichi
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Former samurai and early Meiji leader who led the creation of a national army
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Saigō Takamori
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The "last samurai" who died gloriously in rebellion against the Meiji regime and became a folk hero representation of a bygone age
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Itō Hirobumi
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Constitutional patriarch, Prime Minister, and founder of the Seiyukai
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Yamagata Aritomo
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Former tozama daimyo turned Prime Minister
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Fukoku kyōhei
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"Rich country, strong army"; Meiji conception of a powerful nation-state
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Meiji
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Era following Tokugawa
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State Shintō
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Adoption of Shinto as the state religion and turn away from folk spirituality
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Iwakura Mission
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1871-1873 trips by aristocrats to America and Europe, originally to renegotiate treaties, but ultimately to bring back Western institution and technology
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Seikanron
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1873 debate over the invasion of Korea
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Matsukata Deflation
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1881-1885 purposeful devaluing of the yen in order to increase purchasing power and tax revenue.
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Shibusawa Eiichi
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Businessman who rose to success due to his governmental connections
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Zaibatsu
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Family-owned interconnected companies that did not compete with one another and thereby had monopolies on their industries
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Meiji Six Journal
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Progressive political journal founded in 1873 and led by Fukuzawa Yukichi
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Itagaki Taisuke
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Wrote "Memorial on the Establishment of a National Assembly," but was in it for the power.
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Movement for Freedom and People's Rights
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Call for a constitutional government and political power for the people
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Bunmei kaika
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"Civilization and enlightenment"; embracing of Western institutions as modern and enlightened.
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Fukuzawa Yukichi
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Wrote "An Encouragement of Learning"; great popular thinker
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Satsuma Rebellion
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Uprising of tozama daimyo that would eventually topple the Tokugawa
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Hokkaidō
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Northern island, home to the Ainu people
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Ainu
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The indigenous people of Ezo, now Hokkaido
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Kanghwa Treaty
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1876 treaty with Korea opening three treaty ports and resulting from gunboat diplomacy
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Datsu-A
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"Leaving Asia"; intellectual trend amongst Japanese thinkers to disassociate with the rest of Asia in order to become more modern.
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Sino-Japanese War
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1894-1895 conflict between the Japanese and Chinese fought through Korea which resulted in the Japanese annexation of Taiwan
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Tri-Partite Intervention
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Intervention by Russia, France, and Germany in 1895 to end the Sino-Japanese War.
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Russo-Japanese War
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1904-1905 conflict stemming from a surprise attack on Russia by the Japanese.
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Hibiya Riots
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1905 riots in response to the Treaty of Portsmouth, the disappointing settlement of the Russo-Japanese War
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Seiyūkai
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First political party, formed in 1900 by Ito Hirobumi
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Katsura Tarō
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Protege of Yamagata Aritomo
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Hara Kei
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Protege of Ito Hirobumi and leader of the Seiyukai
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Great Treason Incident
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1911 planned assassination of the emperor
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Taishō Political Crisis
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1912 forced resigning of Prime Minister Saionji due to the inability to get cabinet members from the politically competing government branches
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Katayama Sen
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Head of the Heiminsha journal
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Kannō Suga
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Socialist, anarchist, and feminist; only female executed in connection with the Great Treason Incident
