Psychology: Learning Curve 7c – Flashcards
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Humans seem naturally disposed to associate this color with sex.
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red
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According to observational learning theory, when children have _____ models, they imitate the positive behaviors they observe.
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prosocial
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Children who are promised a payoff for playing with an interesting toy have later been observed to play with the toy less than those who are not promised the reward. These findings provide support for the role of _____ in operant behavior.
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cognitive processes
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A 5-year-old girl observes a stranger in a store pretending to discipline a stuffed dog. When the stranger moves on to the next aisle, the girl picks up another stuffed animal and does the same thing. Her behavior is similar to findings in studies conducted by:
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Albert Bandura
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In their dismissal of mentalistic concepts such as consciousness, Pavlov and Watson underestimated the importance of _____ processes and biological constraints on an organism's learning capacity.
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cognitive
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Four-year-old Katie observed Charlotte, two years younger, begin to cry when she fell down. Katie immediately ran over to Charlotte and patted her on the back and told her everything would be alright. She even began to cry herself. Katie's ability to infer Charlotte's mental and emotional state is an example of:
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theory of mind
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Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is BEST explained by:
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taste aversion
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Researchers discovered that the neural activity in the brain of a monkey who simply watched another monkey pick up and eat a peanut was the same as the brain activity of the monkey actually performing these actions. These researchers discovered:
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mirror neurons
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Working for money illustrates:
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extrinsic motivation
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Sonia, an adult with autism spectrum disorder, has difficulty inferring another person's emotions. The ability in which Sonia seems to have reduced function is called:
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theory of mind
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If Georgia gets violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, she will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where she ate or to the sound of the music she heard there. This BEST illustrates that associative learning is constrained by:
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biological predispositions
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Repeated exposure to graphic violence in movies, television, and violent video games may increase the likelihood of imitation of violent behavior and also tends to:
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cause desensitization to observed violence
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Ricky has had his driver's license for less than a year and loves driving. So, he decided to get a job delivering pizza 25 hours a week. After having the job for six months one can predict that:
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Ricky's love of driving will decrease
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Which of the following factors would be important in the acquisition of aggressive behaviors through observational learning?
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models who commit violent acts but go unpunished
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Juan easily taught his cat to jump through a hoop but could not get the cat to fetch a ball and return it to him. The cat would chase the ball but use its paws to play with the ball. The cat would not fetch the ball because of:
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instinctive drift
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Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding the function of mirror neurons?
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The brain's mirror neurons underlie humans' intensely social nature
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The biological predisposition to perform natural behaviors that can interfere with learning operant behaviors is known as _____.
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instinctive drift
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One chimpanzee watches a second chimp solve a puzzle for a food reward. The first chimp then imitates how the second chimp solved the puzzle. This BEST illustrates _____ learning.
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observational
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Ty spends hours practicing baseball every day without a coach telling him to do so. Ty's dedication to baseball can be explained by:
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intrinsic motivation
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Road construction prevents Binit from getting to campus using the route he always travels. He thinks about the situation for a moment and then comes up with a different route. Binit has used _____ to figure out this alternative route.
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his cognitive map of the area
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Children with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty learning from observing others, a deficit that is believed to be due to impaired _____.
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mirror neurons
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Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what is known about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the MOST likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?
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He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not the cigarette
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Ten-year-old Maggie continually interrupts her teacher with jokes that make her fellow students laugh. The attention from the other students is an example of:
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an extrinsic reward
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Animals are predisposed to learn _____ that help them adapt and survive in their environment.
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associations
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According to Darwin's principle of natural selection and Garcia's later work, taste aversion increases the likelihood of _____ in humans and other animals.
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survival
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In cultures around the world, toddlers are toilet-trained fastest when they are able to view others using the bathroom. This follows the principles of:
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observational learning
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Based on research associating color with sex, if a woman wanted to increase her attractiveness to a male she should:
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wear a red dress and wear red lipstick
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Ray drank too much tequila last night. He spent much of the morning feeling nauseous and vomiting. According to the principles of classical conditioning, how will Ray likely react today when he smells the tequila bottle that he drank out of last night?
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He will find the smell of tequila aversive
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If a parent wants to increase the amount of time a child spends reading as opposed to playing video games, the parent will need to increase the _____ of reading.
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intrinsic motivation
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In Pavlov's original experiments, dogs were classically conditioned to salivate to the sound of a tone when it preceded the presentation of food. According to Robert Rescorla, the dogs had learned:
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that the tone was a signal that reliably predicted that food would follow
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An experimenter provided preschool children with a big box of magic markers and paper and told them that they would earn a prize for every picture they drew. Two weeks later when the experimenter returned to the preschool, he offered markers and papers for play but told the children no prizes would be given. The children played very little with the markers because
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excessive rewards can undermine intrinsic motivation
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Nicole's parents often say one thing, and do another. For example, they often tell Nicole how important it is to be polite, but they are not very polite themselves. How would you expect this contradiction to impact Nicole's behavior?
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She will act rudely but talk about how important it is to be polite
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Jackie is worried about her young children being exposed to violence on television. You should tell Jackie all of the following EXCEPT:
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she should not worry so long as she is not modeling violent behavior
