Unit 6 AP Psychology – Flashcards
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The most crucial ingredient in all learning is...?
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c. experience
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By learning to associate a squirt of water with an electric shock, sea snails demonstrate the process of...?
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c. classical conditioning
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Seals in an aquarium will repeat behaviors, such as slapping and barking, that prompt people to toss them a herring. This best illustrates ... ?
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b. operant conditioning
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After one chimpanzee sees a second chimp open a box that contains a food reward, the first animal opens a similar box with great speed. This best illustrates...?
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d. observational learning
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Who would most likely agree with the following statement concerning the field of psychology? "Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior. Introspection forms no essential part of its methods." ?
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c. John B. Watson
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The researcher most closely associated with the study of classical conditioning is ... ?
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e. Ivan Pavlov
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John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n) ... ?
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c. behaviorist
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Which of the following is an unconditioned response?
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c. sweating in hot weather
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IN Aldous Huxeley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after book are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n) .... ?
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a. unconditioned stimulus
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If the sound of an electric can opener causes a child to salivate because it has preciously been associated with the presentation of food, the child's salivation to the sound of the can opener is a(n) ... ?
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a. conditioned response
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Spontaneous recovery refers to the ... ?
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d. reappearance, after a pause, of an extinguished conditioned response.
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Monica's psychotherapist reminds her so much of her own father that she has many of the same mixed emotional reactions to him that she has to her own dad. Her reactions to her therapist best illustrate the importance of ..?
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c. generalization
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Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lighting. This suggests that associative learning involves... ?
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b. cognitive processes
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Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because ...?
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b. so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned
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Voluntary behaviors that produce rewarding or punishing consequences are called... ?
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c. operant behaviors
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Ever since his mother began to give Julio gold stars for keeping his bed dry all night, Julio discontinued his habit of bed-wetting. His change in behavior best illustrates the value of
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d. operant conditioning
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The process of reinforcing successively closer approximations to a desired behavior is called ...?
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c. shaping
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Any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response is called a(n) ... ?
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d. negative reinforcer
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Innately satisfying stiumuli that fulfill biological need are called ____ reinforcers ... ?
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b. primary
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Purchasing state lottery tickets is reinforced with monetary winning on a ___ schedule
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d. variable ratio
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A fixed-interval schedule of reinforcement is one in which a response is reinforced only after a(n) ... ?
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b. specified time period has elapsed
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Operant response rates remain highest when individuals anticipate that their behavior will actually lead to further reinforcement. This best illustrates the importance of ___ in operant conditioning.
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b. cognitive processes
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Professor Kohler observed chimpanzees discover a novel way to reach a banana hung out of their reach. This scenario is most likely an example of which type of learning?
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d. insight learning
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Using rewards to bribe people to engage in an activity they already enjoy is most likely to inhibit ... ?
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e. intrinsic motivation
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B.F Skinner believed that teaching machines could promote effective learning because they allow for both ...?
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d. shaping and immediate reinforcement
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Both classical and operant conditioning are forms of ...?
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a. associative learning
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A learned association between a response and a consequence is central to ... ?
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a. operant conditioning
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Bandura's experiments indicate that ___ is important in the process of learning ... ?
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c. modeling
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Most researchers who have examined the effects of viewing televised aggression conclude that ... ?
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b. viewing violence leads children and teenagers to behave eggresively
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Skinner is to shaping as Bandura is to ... ?
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d. modeling
