Final Chapter 7 – Flashcards
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According to social process theories, criminal behavior is
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Learned in interaction with others.
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Which of the following theories is not a social process theory?
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Strain theory
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According to learning theory, criminal behavior is
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A product of the social environment.
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Differential association theory was developed by
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Edwin Sutherland
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According to differential association theory, how does learning criminal behavior differ from learning other types of behavior?
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There is no difference between learning criminal and noncriminal behavior
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Given the basic principles of differential association theory, which of the following situations is most likely to produce delinquency?
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A juvenile's parents, with whom he is close, are drug abusers
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Which of the following is a criticism of differential association theory?
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It accounts only for the communication of criminal values, not their emergence
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Social control theories focus on
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The process through which social integration develops.
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According to containment theory, a positive self -image is an important ________ containment.
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Inner
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Which of the following is not an example of a push towards crime?
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Biological propensities toward deviant behavior
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The theory of delinquency that emphasizes self -esteem was developed by
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Howard Kaplan
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Social bond theory was popularized by
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Travis Hirschi
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Social bond theory postulates that
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Crime occurs when a person's links to society are weakened or broken, thus reducing the likelihood of conformity
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A college student who is expecting to graduate at the end of the semester and is short of money decides against shoplifting some textbooks from the bookstore because the risk of expulsion a few months before graduation outweighs the possible gains of saving money. This is an example of the ________ component of the social bond.
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Commitment
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The general theory of crime was proposed by
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Michael Gottfredson and Travis Hirschi
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According to the general theory of crime, the key concept in explaining all forms of criminal behavior is
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Self-control
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Control balance theory was proposed by
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Charles R. Tittle
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Someone with a control ________ is controlled by others and is more likely to commit violent crimes.
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Deficit
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An individual with a control surplus would be most likely to engage in which of the following types of deviant behavior?
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Physical violence
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The aspect of the social bond which sets social bond theory apart from subcultural approaches is
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Belief
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________ described the deviant subculture of jazz musicians and the procedure by which an individual becomes a marijuana user.
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Howard Becker
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According to Becker, deviance is
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Created by society
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Once an individual is labeled ʺdeviant,ʺ opportunities for conforming behavior are
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Seriously reduced
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Which of the following is not one of the ideas contributed to the criminological literature by labeling theory?
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Deviance is the consequence of a quality inherent in human activity
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According to labeling theory, the major element in determining the criminality of an individual is
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The reactions of society
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According to Becker's typology of delinquents, a person who commits a crime and is caught and punished for that crime is a(n) ________ deviant.
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Pure
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The ________ deviant category in Becker's typology demonstrates the power of social definition by the lack of consequences attached to the offense.
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Secret
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Social process theories suggest crime prevention programs should
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Work to build prosocial bonds
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________ attempts to teach positive values to juveniles through one -on-one mentoring with favorable adult role models.
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JUMP
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________ focuses on early childhood risk factors for gang involvement.
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The Montreal Preventive Treatment Program
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Which of the following is not one of the four dimensions of a criminal career?
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Intensity
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Which of the following is not one of the three sets of dynamic concepts important to the life course perspective?
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Duration
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Which type of activation involves increased continuity over time?
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Stabilization
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Which of the following is not an example of desistance?
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Diversion
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According to Glen Elder, the effect of the Great Depression on children born during that era is an example of the principle of
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Historical time and place
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Elder's principle of ________ refers to the fact that the developmental impact of a succession of life transitions is contingent on when they occur in a person's life.
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Timing in lives
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The ________ a person's social capital, the ________ the chance of criminal activity.
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Greater; less
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Which of the following factors would not enhance a person's social capital?
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Losing a job
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The dual taxonomic theory of criminality identifies ________ paths to criminality.
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Two
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Which of the following is typical of a life-course-persistent offender?
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Consistent involvement in antisocial behavior across a wide spectrum of social situations
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According to Moffittʹs theory, which of the following is not a positive outcome of the developmental process?
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Cohort
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An offender goes through a court-ordered rehabilitation program and does not recidivate. This is an example of
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Persistence
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________ involves a reduction in the variety of offending.
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Specialization
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Marvin Wolfgang's analysis of a birth cohort found that ________ percent of cohort members accounted for over 50 percent of all arrests.
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6
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According to the Causes and Correlates of Delinquency Program research, very young subjects (as young as three years of age) are most likely to be found on the ________ pathway to delinquency.
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authority conflict
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Targeted Outreach is a program operated by
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The Boys and Girls Clubs of America
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The primary goal of the ________ program is to provide a positive alternative to gangs for at -risk youth.
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Targeted Outreach
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According to differential association theory, the process of learning criminal behavior is substantively different from learning other forms of behavior.
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F
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Learning theory suggests that crime is an innate characteristic of certain individuals.
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F
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According to differential association, the principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups.
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T
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One criticism of differential association theory is that it is not applicable at the individual level
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F
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Differential association theory suggests that criminal behavior is explained by general needs and values.
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F
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Social control theories stress causative factors in criminal behavior.
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F
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Social control theories stress causative factors in criminal behavior.
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T
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According to Reckless, most sociological theories cannot predict which individuals will become criminal
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T
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A criminogenic background is an example of a push towards crime.
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T
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A perceived reward that may be offered by crime is an external containment.
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F
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A positive self-image is an inner containment.
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T
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According to Hirschi, a psychopath has an overdeveloped attachment to society.
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T
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The commitment element of a social bond refers to a shared value and moral system.
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F
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Gottfredson and Hirschiʹs theory is based on a rational choice perspective.
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T
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The stability thesis focuses on the claim that self-control develops early in childhood and persists over time.
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T
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A control surplus is frequently seen in cases of white-collar crime.
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T
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Deviance engendered by a control deficit usually takes the form of decadence and exploitation.
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F
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Individuals who cannot exercise much control over others suffer from a control ratio.
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F
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According to Tittle, a control imbalance does not cause deviance by itself.
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T
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Secondary deviance is undertaken to solve an immediate problem or to meet the expectations of one's subcultural group.
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F
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According to labeling theory, no act is intrinsically deviant or criminal.
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T
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Moral entrepreneurs are interest groups who want their sense of propriety embodied in law.
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T
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For a group to be successful at moral enterprise, it must represent the popular point of view.
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F
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According to labeling theory, negative self-images precede delinquency.
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F
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A secret deviant is not guilty, but has still been labeled deviant.
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F
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Labeling theory specifically attempts to explain the origin of crime and deviance.
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F
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According to the social development perspective, development begins well after birth.
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F
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The duration dimension of a criminal career refers to the number of crimes committed by an individual offender per unit of time.
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F
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A criminal career may consist of only one offense
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T
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Trajectories refer to long-term patterns and sequences of behavior
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T
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Diversification involves increased continuity over time.
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F
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The process of aggravation describes a slowing down in the frequency of offending.
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F
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Desistance describes an increase in the seriousness of offending.
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F
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Elder's principle of linked lives suggests that individuals construct their own life course through the choices they make.
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F
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Early research conducted by Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck concluded that delinquent careers rarely carried over into adulthood.
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T
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According to Sampson and Laub, the two most important turning points center on the choice of employment and marriage.
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T
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Positive turning points can reform chronic offenders.
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T
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Transitions in the life course are typically associated with age.
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T
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Life course persisters tend to fail at school.
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T
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De-escalation refers to remaining at a certain level of offending and not committing any more serious offenses.
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F
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Specialization involves a reduction in the variety of offenses.
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T
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Diversion involves a reduction in the variety of offenses.
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F
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Children who do not develop adequate verbal coping skills are more likely to commit aggressive acts.
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T
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Social development theories have been criticized for definitional issues.
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T
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Early intervention in delinquent behavior is suggested by social development theories.
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T
