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psychodynamic theories

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view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

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psychoanalysis

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free association, dream interpretation, and analysis of resistance and transference are used to explore repressed or unconscious impulses, anxieties, and internal conflicts, in order to free psychic energy for mature love and work

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unconscious

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a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. Information processing of which we are unaware.

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free association

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in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.

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id

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-unconscious -childish and impulsive part of us -looking for pleasure principle, immediate gratification -satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives

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ego

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-mostly unconscious -dealing with reality -does what is socially acceptable -recognizes others needs

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superego

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-conscience -socially appropriate, provides standards for judgement -represents internalized ideals -decisions based on morals

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psychosexual stages

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the childhood stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) during which the id's pleasure seeking energies focus on distinct erogenous zones.

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oedipus complex

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a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father (same for girls but against their mothers called electra complex)

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identification

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the process by which children incorporate their parents' values into their developing superegos

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fixation

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a lingering focus of pleasure-seeking energies at an earlier psychosexual stage, in which conflicts were unresolved.

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oral stage

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(0-18 months) pleasure centers on the mouth-- sucking, biting, chewing

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anal stage

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(18-36 months) pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination; coping with demands for control

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phallic stage

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(3-6 years) pleasure zone is the genitals; coping with incestuous sexual feelings

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latency stage

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(6 to puberty) a phase of dormant sexual feelings

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genital

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(puberty on) maturation of sexual interests

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defense mechanisms

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the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

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repression

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the exclusion of distressing memories, thoughts, or feelings from the conscious mind. Often involving sexual or aggressive urges or painful childhood memories, these unwanted mental contents are pushed into the unconscious mind.

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regression

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occurs where a person returns to a child state to escape the present.

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reaction formation

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where a person avoids one position by taking a polar opposite position.

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projection

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disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

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rationalization

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offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions

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displacement

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shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person after someone may have done it to you

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denial

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refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

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collective unconscious

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each person not only has their own unique unconscious mind, but also shares some elements of unconsciousness with all other people from our species' history

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projective test

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A test which requires an individual to respond to indistinct stimuli. The individual's interpretation about the stimuli is meant to reveal aspects of their personality. The Rorschach, which has individuals describe various ambiguous inkblot pictures is a classic example of a projective test

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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT

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a projective test that is used to help people express their feelings in a non-threatening manner. This is done by having people create stories about ambiguous characters, scenes, and situations. People are shown ambiguous pictures and then asked to make up stories about them. This allows the person to "project" their own feelings and interests onto the picture

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Rorschach inkblot test

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the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, designed by Hermann Rorschach; seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots.

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schemas

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a mental concept that informs a person about what to expect from a variety of experiences and situations

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priming

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Priming is an acuteness to stimuli because of exposure to a certain event or experience. For example, an individual who has just purchased a new car may now start to notice with more frequency other people driving her same make and model

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implicit memories

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Implicit memory, also known as nondeclarative memory, involves recollection of skills, things you know how to do, preferences, etc., that you don't need to recall consciously

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humanistic theories

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view personality with a focus on the potential for healthy personal growth.

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self-actualization

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according to Maslow, one of the ultimate psychological needs that arises after basic physical and psychological needs are met and self-esteem is achieved; the motivation to fulfill one's potential.

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Genuineness

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When people are genuine, they are open with their own feelings, drop their facades, and are transparent and self-disclosing.

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Acceptance

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When people are accepting, they offer unconditional positive regard, an attitude of grace that values us even knowing our failings. It is a profound relief to drop our pretenses, confess our worst feelings, and discover that we are still accepted. In a good marriage, a close family, or an intimate friendship, we are free to be spontaneous without fearing the loss of others' esteem.

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unconditional positive regard

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a caring, accepting, nonjudgmental attitude, which Rogers believed would help clients develop self-awareness and self-acceptance.

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Empathy

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When people are empathic, they share and mirror other's feelings and reflect their meanings.

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self-concept

answer

our individual perceptions of our behavior, abilities, and unique characteristics

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false consensus effect

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the tendency for individuals to overestimate the level at which other people share their beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors. False consensus effect is a type of bias in which we think that our own opinions, attitudes, beliefs, etc. are common and appropriate, so that others must also feel the same way.

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self-transcendence

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meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self

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reality principle

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The reality principle is the exact opposite of the pleasure principle (which seeks immediate gratification). As children we seek pleasure and try to avoid things that cause us suffering or pain, however as we get older we realize that there are certain situations where it is better to endure the suffering/pain than to be out of control or inappropriate.

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pleasure principle

answer

the pleasure principle is the driving force of the id that seeks immediate gratification of all needs, wants, and urges

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enhance

answer

high stress and associated stress hormones tend to _____ memory rather than repress

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traits

answer

a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports.

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factor analysis

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a statistical procedure that has been used to identify clusters (factors) of test items that tap basic components of a trait, such as intelligence (spatial ability or verbal skill)

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introversion

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a person who is focused on (often preoccupied) with his or her private mental experiences, feelings, and thoughts

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personality inventory

answer

a questionnaire (often with true-false or agree-disagree items) on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to assess selected personality traits.

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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

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the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders (still considered its most appropriate use), this test is now used for many other screening purposes.

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empirically derived test

answer

a test (such as the MMPI) developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups.

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The Big Five

answer

Openness, conscientiousness, agreeableness, extraversion, and neuroticism (O.C.E.AN.)

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the person-situation controversy

answer

Our behavior is influenced by the interaction of our inner disposition with our environment.

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Personality stability

answer

With age, personality traits become more stable

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social-cognitive perspective

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views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people's traits (including their thinking) and their social context.

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reciprocal determinism

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the interacting influences of behavior, internal cognition, and environment.

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gene-environment interaction

answer

genetically influenced traits evoke certain responses from others

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Psychoanalytic

answer

Personality consists of pleasure-seeking impulses (the id), a reality-oriented executive (the ego), and an internalized set of ideals (the superego).

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Psychodynamic

answer

The dynamic interplay of conscious and unconscious motives and conflicts shape our personality.

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Humanistic

answer

If our basic human needs are met, people will strive toward self-actualization. In a climate of unconditional positive regard, we can develop self-awareness and a more realistic and positive self-concept.

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Trait

answer

Scientific study of traits has isolated important dimensions of personality, such as the Big Five traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness, and extraversion).

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Social-Cognitive

answer

Conditioning and observational learning interact with cognition to create behavior patterns.

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self

answer

in contemporary psychology, assumed to be the center of personality, the organizer of our thoughts, feelings, and actions.

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spotlight effect

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overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us).

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self-esteem

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one's feelings of high or low self-worth.

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self-efficacy

answer

one's sense of competence and effectiveness.

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self-serving bias

answer

a readiness to perceive oneself favorably.

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narcissism

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excessive self-love and self-absorption.

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individualism

answer

giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications.

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collectivism

answer

giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly.

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cultural neuroscience

answer

the study of how neurobiology and cultural traits influence each other.

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maturity principle

answer

the idea that we become more conscientious and agreeable and less neurotic up to age 40

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medical model

answer

the concept that diseases, in this case psychological disorders, have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and, in most cases, cured, often through treatment in a hospital.

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biopsychosocial approach

answer

Today's psychology studies how biological, psychological, and social-

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epigenetics

answer

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change.

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DSM-5

answer

the American Psychiatric Association's Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; a widely used system for classifying psychological disorders.

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attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

answer

a psychological disorder marked by extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity.

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anxiety disorders

answer

psychological disorders characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety

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generalized anxiety disorder

answer

an anxiety disorder in which a person is continually tense, apprehensive, and in a state of autonomic nervous system arousal (muscle tension, sleeplessness, inability to concentrate)

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panic disorder

answer

an anxiety disorder marked by unpredictable, minutes-long episodes of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations. Often followed by worry over a possible next attack

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phobia

answer

an anxiety disorder marked by a persistent, irrational fear and avoidance of a specific object, activity, or situation

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Conditioning

answer

when bad events happen unpredictably and uncontrollably, anxiety or other disorders often develop

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Cognition

answer

We learn some fears by observing others

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Biology

answer

genes, the brain, and natural selection play a role in our anxieties

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posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

answer

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdrawal, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

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amygdala

answer

Fear-learning experiences that traumatize the brain can also create fear circuits within the:

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glutamate

answer

If one has too much _____, the brain's alarm centers may become overactive.

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major depressive disorder

answer

a disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest or pleasure.

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bipolar disorder

answer

a disorder in which a person alternates between the hopelessness and lethargy of depression and the overexcited state of mania

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mania

answer

a hyperactive, wildly optimistic state in which dangerously poor judgment is common.

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internalized

answer

Women are more vulnerable to disorders involving _____ states.

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seasonal pattern

answer

Jill suffers from depression. However, she tends to be depressed in the fall or winter but not during the spring and summer months. This is called:

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schizophrenia

answer

a psychological disorder characterized by delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, and/or diminished, inappropriate emotional expression.

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psychotic disorders

answer

a group of psychological disorders marked by irrational ideas, distorted perceptions, and a loss of contact with reality.

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delusion

answer

a false belief, often of persecution or grandeur, that may accompany psychotic disorders.

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chronic schizophrenia

answer

slow developing (also called process schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia in which symptoms usually appear by late adolescence or early adulthood. As people age, psychotic episodes last longer and recovery periods shorten.

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acute schizophrenia

answer

rapidly developing (also called reactive schizophrenia) a form of schizophrenia that can begin at any age, frequently occurs in response to an emotionally traumatic event, and has extended recovery periods.

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Personality

answer

_____ disorders are characterized by inflexible and enduring maladaptive character traits that impair social functioning.

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positive symptoms

answer

the presence of inappropriate behaviors

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negative symptoms

answer

the absence of appropriate behaviors

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hallucinations

answer

unreal things seen in people's heads

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delusions

answer

unreal things seen in the world around people

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psychotherapy

answer

treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

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biomedical therapy

answer

prescribed medications or procedures that act directly on the person's physiology.

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eclectic approach

answer

an approach to psychotherapy that uses techniques from various forms of therapy.

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behavior therapy

answer

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

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counterconditioning

answer

behavior therapy procedures that use classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; include exposure therapies and aversive conditioning.

question

exposure therapies

answer

behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid.

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systematic desensitization

answer

a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant, relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

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virtual reality exposure therapy

answer

an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking.

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aversive conditioning

answer

a type of counterconditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol).

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token economy

answer

an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior and can later exchange their tokens for various privileges or treats.

question

insight therapies

answer

a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses.

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client-centered therapy

answer

a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy.)

question

active listening

answer

empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

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cognitive therapy

answer

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions.

question

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

answer

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior).

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evidence-based practice

answer

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences.

question

humanistic

answer

The goal of the _____ approach is to explore feelings as they occur rather than try to achieve insight into the childhood origins of feelings.

question

resistance

answer

in psychoanalysis, the blocking from consciousness of anxiety-laden material.

question

interpretation

answer

in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight.

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transference

answer

the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a parent)

question

psychodynamic therapy

answer

focuses on unconscious processes. a client's self-awareness and understanding of the influence of the past on present behavior

question

behavior therapists

answer

therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors.

question

psychopharmacology

answer

the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior.

question

antipsychotic drugs

answer

drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder.

question

antianxiety drugs

answer

drugs used to control anxiety and agitation.

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antidepressant drugs

answer

drugs used to treat depression, anxiety disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder.

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electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

answer

a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of an anesthetized patient.

question

repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

answer

the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity.

question

psychosurgery

answer

surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior.

question

lobotomy

answer

a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

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tardive dyskinesia

answer

a neurological disorder characterized by involuntary movements of the face and jaw.

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