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psychotherapy

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treatment involving psychological techniques; consists of interactions between a trained therapist and someone seeking to overcome psychological difficulties or achieve personal growth.

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biomedical therapy

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prescribed medications or procedures that at directly on the person's physiology

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eclectic approach

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an approach to psychotherapy that, depending on the client's problems, uses techniques from various forms of energy

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psychoanalysis

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Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed that the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight

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resistance

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in psychoanalysis, the blocking from the consciousness of anxiety-laden material

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interpretation

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in psychoanalysis, the analyst's noting supposed dream meanings, resistances, and other significant behaviors and events in order to promote insight

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transference

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in psychoanalysis, the patient's transfer to the analyst of emotions linked with other relationships (such as love or hatred for a patient)`

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In psychoanalysis, when patients experience strong feelings for their therapist, this is called _____. Patients are said to demonstrate anxiety when they put up mental blocks around sensitive memories - showing ______. The therapist will attempt to offer insight into the underlying anxiety by offering an _______ of the mental blocks

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transference, resistance, interpretation

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psychodynamic therapy

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therapy deriving from the psychoanalytic tradition that views individuals as responding to unconscious fores and childhood experiences, and that seeks to enhance self-insight

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insight therapies

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a variety of therapies that aim to improve psychological functioning by increasing a person's awareness of underlying motives and defenses

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client-centered therapy

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a humanistic therapy, developed by Carl Rogers, in which the therapist uses techniques such as active listening within a genuine, accepting, empathic environment to facilitate clients' growth. (Also called person-centered therapy)

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active listening

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empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy

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unconditional regard

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a caring, accepting, nonjudgemental attitude, which Carl Rogers believed would help clients to develop self-awareness and self-acceptance

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behavior therapy

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therapy that applies learning principles to the elimination of unwanted behaviors

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counterconditioning

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a behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning

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exposure therapies

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behavioral techniques, such as systematic desensitization and virtual reality exposure therapy, that treat anxieties by exposing people (in imagination or actual situations) to the things they fear and avoid

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systematic desensitization

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a type of exposure therapy that associates a pleasant relaxed state with gradually increasing anxiety-triggering stimuli. Commonly used to treat phobias.

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virtual reality exposure therapy

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an anxiety treatment that progressively exposes people to electronic simulations of their greatest fears, such as airplane flying, spiders, or public speaking

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aversive conditioning

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a type of counter-conditioning that associates an unpleasant state (such as nausea) with an unwanted behavior (such as drinking alcohol)

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token economy

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an operant conditioning procedure in which people earn a token of some sort for exhibiting a desired behavior an can later exchange the tokens for various privileges or treats

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cognitive therapy

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therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions

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What are insight therapies and how do they differ from behavior therapies

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The insight therapies - psychodynamic and humanistic therapies - seek to relieve problems by providing an understanding of their origins. Behavior therapies assume the problem behavior is the problem and treat it directly, paying less attention to its origins.

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Some maladaptive behaviors are learned. What hope does this fact provide?

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If a behavior can be learned, it can be unlearned, and replaced by other more adaptive responses

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Exposure therapies and aversive conditioning are applications of _____ conditioning. Token economies are an application of ______ conditioning.

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classical, operant

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rational-emotive behavior therapy (REBT)

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a confrontational cognitive therapy, developed by Albert Ellis, that vigorously challenges people's illogical, self-defeating attitudes and assumptions

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cognitive behavior therapy

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a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeated thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

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group therapy

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therapy conducted with groups rather than individuals, permitting therapeutic benefits from group interaction.

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family therapy

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therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

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How do humanistic and cognitive therapies differ?

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By reflecting clients' feelings in a nondirective setting, the humanistic therapies attempt to foster personal growth by helping clients become more self-aware and self-accepting. By making clients aware of self-defeating patterns of thinking, cognitive therapies guide people toward more adaptive ways of thinking about themselves and their world.

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The confrontational REBT (rational-emotive behavior therapy) was developed by _____. A gentler cognitive therapy for depression was developed by _____.

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Albert Ellis; Aaron Beck

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What is cognitive-behavioral therapy, and what sorts of problems does this therapy best address?

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This therapy helps people change self-defeating thinking and behavior. It has been shown to be effective for those with anxiety, mood disorders, and anorexia nervosa

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Which therapeutic technique focuses more on the present and future than the past, and involves unconditional positive regard and active listening?

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Humanistic therapy - specifically Carl Roger's client-centered therapy

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regression toward the mean

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the tendency for extreme or unusual scores to fall back (regress) toward their average

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meta-analysis

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a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

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How do (a) the placebo effect and (b) regression toward the mean bias clients' and clinicians' appraisals of the effectiveness of psychotherapies?

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(a) The placebo effect is the healing power of belief in a treatment. Patients and therapists who expect a treatment to be effective may believe it was. (b) Given the natural tendency of extraordinary happenings to regress back to ordinary ones, patients and clinicians may attribute a normal regression to successful treatment.

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Therapy is more likely to be helpful in those with the ____ (most/least) defined problems

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most

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evidence-based practice

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clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical experience and patient characteristics and preferences

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therapeutic alliance

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a bond of trust and mutual understanding between a therapist and a client, who work work together constructively to overcome the client's problem

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psychopharmacology

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the study of the effects of drugs on mind and behavior

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antipsychotic drugs

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drugs used to treat schizophrenia and other forms of severe thought disorder

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antianxiety drugs

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drugs used to control anxiety and agitation

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antidepressant drugs

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drugs used to treat depression and some anxiety disorders. Different types work by altering the availability of various neurotransmitters

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electroconvulsive therapy (ETC)

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a biomedical therapy for severely depressed patients in which a brief electric current is sent through the brain of a anesthetized patient

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The drugs given most often to treat depression are called ____. The drugs that are now most commonly given to treat anxiety disorders are called _____. Schizophrenia is often treated with ______ drugs.

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antidepressants; antidepressants (shown to be effective at treating both depression and anxiety); antipsychotic

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How do researchers evaluate the effectiveness of particular drug therapies?

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Researchers assign people to treatment and no-treatment conditions to see if those who receive the drug therapy improve more than those who don't. Double-blind controlled studies are most effective. If neither the therapist nor the client knows which participants have received the drug treatment, then any difference between the treated and the untreated groups will reflect the drug treatment's actual effect.

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repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)

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the application of repeated pulses of magnetic energy to the brain; used to stimulate or suppress brain activity

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psychosurgery

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the surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in an effort to change behavior

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lobotomy

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a psychosurgical procedure once used to calm uncontrollably emotional or violent patients. The procedure cut the nerves connecting the frontal lobes to the emotion-controlling centers of the inner brain.

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Severe depression that has not responded to other therapy may be treated with _____, which can cause seizures and memory loss. More moderate neutral stimulation techniques designed to help alleviate depression include _____ _____ magnetic stimulation, and _____-____ stimulation.

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electroconvulsive therapy (ETC); repetitive transcranial; deep-brain

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resilience

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the personal strength that helps most people cope with stress and recover from adversity and even trauma

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What is the difference between preventive mental health and psychological or behavioral therapy?

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Psychological and biomedical therapies attempt to relieve people's suffering from psychological disorders. Preventive mental health attempts to prevent suffering by identifying and eliminating the conditions that cause disorders

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free association

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the mental process by which one word or image may spontaneously suggest another without any apparent connection.

PSY 101 – CH. 16 (Therapy) – Flashcards

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