Music in Society Quiz #6 – Flashcards
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-Music often strophic - ________ singers = storytellers -Originated in British Isles (Scotland and Ireland)
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Narrative Ballad (Story Song)
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-Not narrative -Many derived from New England British folk music -Convey emotions and moods in more private context than ballad -Covers multitude of subjects -Diverse musical forms and poetic structures -Action and drama minimal -Ex. *Love songs *Ceremonial songs *Freedom songs *Folk hymns
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Lyric Song
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-Offers rhythm, pace, spirit that helped make tiresome work and oppression bearable -Often used call response pattern -Sung to beat compatible with oar, sledgehammer, ax -Ex. *Sea chanties *Railroad songs
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Work Song
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-Short and simple -Functional -Easy to remember -Extremely varied in type and style -Ex. *Lullabies *Game songs
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Children's Song
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-Emerged in mid-nineteenth century -Attributed to the Hutchinson family -Means of describing, reflecting on, advocating improvement of social conditions *Ex: Bruce Springsteen (working class), Willie Nelson (farmers), Elton John et al (AIDS), rappers (urban conditions), Bob Dylan, Pete Seeger -Often participate in benefits to mobilize support
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Protest Song
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-Promote: *Union organization *Political candidates *Patriotism *Causes (prohibition and civil rights) -May be composed or old folk/pop songs may be rewritten
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Rally Song
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-Primarily instrumental *Vital part of traditional folk music -Fiddle primary instrument in nearly all European American folk dance traditions -Guitar infused in 20th century -Performed by many bluegrass bands today -Fiddle tunes common genre of folk _______ _______ *Arranged for string band (fiddle and banjo) -Ex. *Woody Guthrie's "This Land is Your Land" *Pete Seeger's "Where Have All the Flowers Gone?"
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Dance Music
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-12 bar musical phrase -Usually divided into 3 4-bar segments using specific set of chord progressions -Some blues melodies have 8 or 16 bars
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12-Bar Blues (Folk Music)
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-Same music used for each stanza of: *Ballad *Song *Hymn
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Strophic (Folk Music)
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-Congregational singing of rhymed, metrical versions of Psalms set to hymn tunes -Singing of fuging tunes type of _______ _______ popular throughout 18th century
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Psalm Singing (Religious)
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-Hymnbook -Settings published -Included words only or with hymn tunes
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Psalter (Religious)
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-Primary purpose was to elevate rural, folk-based hymn (derived from oral tradition) to urban, European notation based hymn sung in refined style
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Singing School (Religious)
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-Call response style of hymn singing -Minister (song leader) sings one line at a time and congregation sings it back *Embellishments usually added *Slower tempo -Derived from rural, folk traditions -Brought to US from British Isles
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Lining Out (Religious)
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-Style of influential music *Inspired jazz, RnB, soul, rock, etc -Can refer to: *3 line poetic stanza *12 bar musical structure with specific chord progression *Scale having flatted blues notes *Melancholy, soulful feeling
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Blues (Folk Music)
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-B Phrase of an a a b a form -Contrasting phrase in song form or in chorus of verse-chorus form -Used primarily in traditional pop songs and jazz
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Bridge (Pop Music)
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-Derived from rural, southern folk tradition and sentimental songs of late 19th century -Represents: *Merging of rural and urban influences *Regional, ethnic music made popular nationally and successful commercially
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Hillbilly (Pop)
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-Popular in 19th century -Variety show -Included songs, dances, comical skits -Lively syncopated _________ songs formed nucleus of _________ show -Merged rural American folk traditions with urban, composed, music -Poked fun at lives of African Americans
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Minstrel Show (Pop)
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-Period of popular songwriting -Began 1890s and most productive years were 1920s and 1930s -Many of America's most beloved songs (standards) part of _____ ______ ______ tradition
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Tin Pan Alley (Pop)
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-Became popular as popularity of hillbilly music moved westward -Features larger instrumental ensemble (saxes, brass, standard jazz rhythm section)
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Western Swing (Pop)
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-Includes: *Camp meeting songs * Revival service hymns and songs *Traditional Pentecostal music
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White Gospel (Religious/Related to Southern Gospel)
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-Most famous: Ziegfeld Follies (1907-1932) -Consisted of unrelated acts by: *Singers *Dancers *Comedians *Jugglers *Child performers *Trained animals *Actors -Replaced minstrel show as America's most popular stage show -NYC center of ____________
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Vaudeville (Pop)
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-Different texts to each verse -Return to chorus after each verse
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Verse-Chorus (Pop)
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-One syllable of text given a series of musical notes
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Melisma (Religious)
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-Music without instrumental accompaniment
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A Capella (Religious)
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-Performer: Sweet Honey in the Rock -Form: Verse-Refrain
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Sylvie
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-Specific Region: Kentucky mountains -Genre: Narrative ballad (story song)
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Barbry Allen
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-Performer: Gid Tanner and His Skillet Lickers *Rural string band from Northern Georgia *2 fiddles, banjo, guitar, vocal -Genre: Folk dance tune for fiddle
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Soldier's Joy
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-Performer: Huddie ("Leadbelly") Ledbetter -Genre: Traditional Blues (rural blues)
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Bourgeois Blues
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-Performer: Muddy Waters -Genre: Chicago Urban Blues
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Hoochie Coochie (I'm Your Hoochie Coochie Man)
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-Style: Southern Rural Folk Hymn -Genre: Folk Hymn (Fuging Tune)
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Sherburne
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-Performer: Tramaine Hawkins -Style: Contemporary Black Gospel -Genre: American Folk Melody in Contemporary Black Gospel Setting (American Sacred Folk Tune) -Common to both white and black heritage -Stylistic performance determines heritage musical aesthetic emphasized
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Amazing Grace
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-Performer: The Chuck Wagon Gang -Genre: Southern White Gospel
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Promised Land (I'm Headed for the Promised Land)
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-Performer: Steven Curtis Chapman -Genre: Contemporary Christian
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Dance (Lord of the Dance)
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-Performer: Fisk Jubilee Singers -Style: Spiritual
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Battle (Joshua Fit de Battle)
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-Performer: Thomas Dorsey -Style: African American Gospel
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Precious Lord (Precious Lord, Take My Hand)
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-Composer: Cole Porter -Genre: Broadway Musical Song *Tin Pan Alley Song
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I Get (I Get a Kick out of You)
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-Performer: Bob Wills and His Texas Playboys -Genre: Western Swing
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Rose (New San Antonio Rose)
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-Performer: Ricky Skaggs -Genre: Bluegrass
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Uncle Pen
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-Performer: Carrie Underwood -Genre: Contemporary Country
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Remember Me (Don't Forget to Remember Me)
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-Performer: Hank Williams -Style: Traditional Country (Honky-Tonk)
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Cheatin' Heart (Your Cheatin' Heart)
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-Based on dramatic story with developing characters -Not just loose collection of songs, dances, dialogues -Main components: *Music *Lyrics *Script -Dramatic goal of evoking of genuine emotions other than laughter
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Book Show (Pop)
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-Combines return to rural, folk traditions of hillbilly music and urban, commercial music part of national pop culture -Typical instrumentation: *Acoustic guitar *Fiddle *Mandolin *Bass fiddle *Banjo *No electric instruments
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Bluegrass (Pop)
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-Hillbilly music produced by sophisticated recording techniques and arrangements controlled by recording studios *To ensure popularity and commercial success of songs -Minimizes country twang of singers -Reduces emphasis on fiddle/steel guitar -Includes background singers
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Nashville Sound (Pop)
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-Created by movie industry -Music where cowboys romanticized the "wild west" -Famous singing _____ : Roy Rogers, Gene Autry, Tex Ritter -Songs: "Deep in the Heart of Texas," "Tumbling Tumbleweed"
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Cowboy Songs (Pop)
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-Manifestation can be found in early 20th century Tennessee gospel quartets and family groups -Many who later crossed over into commercial country *Elvis Presley, Johnny Cash, Ricky Skaggs, Gaither Vocal Band -Incorporates elements from pop, rock, RnB, rap, hip hop -Includes popular styles with electric guitars/bass and drum sets
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CCM (Contemporary Christian Music)
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-Theatrical work -Includes: songs, dances, staging, drama -Unified work with dramatic flow
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Broadway Musical (Pop)
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-Created by genius song writers -Ex *Jerome Kern *George Gershwin *Cole Porter *Irving Berlin
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Musical (Pop)
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-Communal -Vernacular -Created/Performed by amateurs -Learned orally
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Folk Music
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-Commercial -Created/performed by musicians with some formal training -Can be learned orally and from written page
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Popular Music
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-Cultivated -Created/performed by professionals -Learned from written page
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Classical Music
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-Learning music by ear and not from written page
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Oral Tradition
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- Regularly performing in more than one style *Especially blended styles -Artists include performers whose multifaceted talents and interests defy classification
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Crossover
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-Father of modern black gospel music
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Thomas A. Dorsey
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-Infusion of blues and jazz into religious musical expression of African Americans in early 20th century
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Modern Black Gospel
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-Religious musical expression
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Traditional Black Gospel
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-Popular in 1950s -Resulted from influence of hillbilly singers on rock and roll
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Rockabilly
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-Roots: black gospel -Featured studio-controlled sound designed to make black music profitable and well received
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Motown Sound
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-Pop music performed by blacks for black audiences -Combines elements of RnB, jazz, black gospel
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Soul
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-Underground, anti-establishment, protest music -Emerged in 1950s -Derived from merging of black and white traditions (RnB and hillbilly) -Popular among teens for listening and dancing -Influenced by Beatles, Who, Rolling Stones *Featured advanced electronic technology, sophisticated arrangements, extreme visual impact/onstage behavior -Gave rise to formed study of pop culture
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Rock and Roll
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-Style of black pop music -Originally featured boogie woogie style piano accompaniment in blues form, blues singer, electric guitar *Later -----> referred to any blues-based black pop music *Today -----> Urban RnB not blues based
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Rhythm and Blues
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-Genuine form of art music -Aspires to do more than entertain -Great _______ musicians strive for better ways of expression, sometimes in very sophisticated forms and styles -Communicates feelings -Components: *Swing *Instruments *Improvisation
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Jazz
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-Manner of performance that separates jazz from other music styles -Generates heightened energy and rhythmic vitality -Results from combo of: *Swing rhythm *Unique mesh of timekeeping and syncopation *Improvised melodies *Vibrato *Instruments played in ways unique to jazz
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Swing (Jazz)
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-Simultaneously composing, performing, listening to music
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Improvisation (Bebop Jazz)
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-Bass line played on each beat frequently -Some embellishment -Emphasizes main tones of underlying chord structure
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Walking Bass (Jazz)
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-Rhythm section stops playing for one or more beats each measure while soloist continues to play
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Stop Time (Breaks/ Dixieland Jazz)
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-Small jazz group -Usually 3 to 6 musicians
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Combo Jazz ( Bebop Jazz)
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-AKA Hot swing -12 to 20 musicians -Notated music -More frequently arrangements of preexisting songs -Arrangements scored for: *brass section *sax section *rhythm section
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Big Band (Jazz)
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-Uses variety of vocal sounds instead of lyrics -Purpose is to improvise vocal solo line in manner of lead instrumentalist
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Scat Singing (Dixieland Jazz)
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-Non notated arrangements -Worked out in rehearsal and eventually played by memory in traditional jazz style
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Head (Dixieland Jazz)
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-Outgrowth of and reaction to bebop -Arrangers and performers strived to maintain musical qualities of bebop while making music more accessible to audience -Adopted elements from classical music *Including use of orchestral instruments (flute, oboe, French horn)
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Cool Swing (Jazz)
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-Piano jazz style popular in late 1920s and 1930s -Characterized by left hand ostinato figure underlying: *rhythmically free *highly syncopated melodic texture -Based on standard 12 bar blues chord progression
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Boogie Woogie (Jazz)
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-Combo jazz style from 1940s -Characterized by: *High energy *Virtuoso solo improv *Complex rhythmic patterns *More novel/chromatic harmonies
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Bebop (Jazz)
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-Bebop style of 1950s and 1960s -Retained complexity, intensity, harmonic imagination, speed of bebop of Charlie Parker, John Coltrane -Describes any jazz styles following bebop *Includes funky, gospel jazz of Horace Silver, Herbie Hancock *Includes cool jazz of Miles Davis
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Hard Bop (Jazz)
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-Distinctive style using: *Polyrhythms *Syncopated bass lines *Short vocal phrases
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Funky Jazz
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-Synthesis of jazz and rock elements -AKA Jazz Rock *Seeds sprouted in very-late 1960s
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Fusion (Jazz)
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-AKA Avant-Garde -Almost pure improv without adherence to predetermined: *structures *meter *melodic motives -Musicians *Interact musically *Build on actions of other group members *Free to create according to musical instincts
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Free Jazz
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-Trumpet (or cornet) -Trombone -Clarinet
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Front Line (Dixieland Jazz)
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-Piano -Bass -Drums -Guitar
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Rhythm Section ("Back Line"/ Dixieland and Swing Jazz)
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-Syncopated chords and melodic figures played by jazz pianist -Accompanies solo improvisation *Adds rhythmic punctuation and vitality
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Comping (Jazz)
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-Each portion of the form is 8 bars long -Bridge serving as the point of contrast -A A B A
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32-Bar Song Form (Dixieland Jazz)
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-First and third beats of the bar are emphasized (particularly by the bass) -Often leaving the second and fourth beats silent *Resulting "boom-chick" feel.
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Two Beat ( Swing Jazz)
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-All four beats are relatively equal
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Four Beat ( Swing Jazz)
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-3 or 4 Trumpets - 3 or 4 Trombones
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Brass Section ( Swing Jazz)
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-2 altos -2 tenors -One baritone
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Sax Section (Swing Jazz)
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-Acknowledged, popular piece of music in the jazz repertory
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Standard (Jazz Standard/Bebop)
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- AKA Traditional jazz -Native to Storyville, New Orleans -Most notable artists: Jelly Roll Morton (piano), Nick LaRocca (clarinet), Louis Armstrong -High energy and rhythmic vitality -Use "head" arrangements -Fills sometimes used to provide movement while rhythm of pattern stops
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New Orleans Jazz
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-Reemerged in 1920s -Created after Storyville closed in 1917 -Remains popular to this day -Same as New Orleans Jazz
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Chicago Jazz (Dixieland)
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-More well-known "tune" of verse-chorus format -More precisely known as refrain -Jazz solo: one pass through formal design of tune
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Chorus (Bebop Jazz)
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-Notated melody with chord symbols *Usually of popular song or jazz tune, on which musical performance is based -Means of structuring performance in lieu of notating all parts for entire piece
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Lead Sheet (Bebop Jazz)
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-Created by marrying Latin samba rhythms with melodic and harmonic elements of West Coast cool jazz
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Bossa Nova (Jazz)
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-Characterized more by players than specific style -Continuation of hard bop
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Mainstream (Jazz)
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-Performer: Benny Goodman (clarinet) -Style: Small combo swing -Genre: Swing era jazz
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Body and Soul
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-Performer: Louis Armstrong -Instrument: Cornet -Style: Chicago Jazz
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Hotter (Hotter Than That)
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-Performers: Duke Ellington and His Orchestra, feat. Shorty Baker (trumpet) -Style: Big Band Jazz
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Mood Indigo
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-Performer: Carmen McRae -Style: Bebop
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Round Midnight
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-Performer: Miles Davis -Composer: George Gershwin -Style: Cool Jazz
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Summertime
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-Performers: Horace Silver and the Jazz Messengers -Style: Hard Bop
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Preacher
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-Performers: Duke Ellington and His Famous Orchestra -Style: Big Band
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A Train
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-Performers: Clifford Brown and Max Roach -Style: Combo Jazz and Hard Bop
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Kick (I Get A Kick Out of You)
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-Performers: Stan Getz and Joao Gilberto -Style: Combo Jazz and Bossa Nova
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Ipanema (Girl From Ipanema)
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-Performer: Herbie Hancock -Style: Combo Jazz and Fusion Jazz
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Chameleon
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-Performer: Little Richard -Genre: Rock and Roll -Style: Soul -Form: 12 bar blues design
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Miss Molly (Good Golly, Miss Molly)
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-Performer: Toni Braxton -Genre: RnB -Style: Contemporary RnB
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Unbreak (Unbreak My Heart)
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-Performers: Bill Haley and The Comets -Style: 1950s Rock and Roll or Rockabilly
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Rock Around (Rock Around the Clock)
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-Performers: Martha and the Vandellas -Style: Motown
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Heat Wave
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-Performers: The Temptations -Style: Motown
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My Girl
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-Performer: James Brown -Style: Soul
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Papa (Papa's Got a Brand New Bag)
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-Composer: John Williams -Source: Main theme from ______ ______ (original episode; later renamed Episode IV: A New Hope)
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Star Wars
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-Composer: Tan Dun -Source: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
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Farewell
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-Multiple sets of verses all followed by same refrain -Any # of phrases can compose verse or refrain portion -Overall dimensions of formal architecture on smaller scale than those for verse chorus format -Ex. Jingle Bells, Un-Break My Heart, Lord of the Dance
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Verse-Refrain (Folk)
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-Source music -Issues from source within narrative world -Ex. radio playing in kitchen or cantina band in Star Wars IV
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Diagetic (Music and Film)
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-Extra-diagetic -Doesn't come from any source within narrative -Exists outside "story space" -Provides numerous other purposes including: *accompaniment *underscoring *commentary -Ex. Violin screech from Psycho and fight scene music in Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon
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Non-Diagetic (Music and Film)
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-Blends diagetic and non-diagetic music in particular scene -Similar to diagetic music in content but tailored to meet requirements of non-diagetic music
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Source Scoring (Music and Film)
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-Music used to: *Set mood *Create more convincing setting *Reinforce or contrast w/ action *Provide composer's comment * Help a film be memorable and marketable
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Functioning Music (Music and Film)
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-Music can be understood in terms of harmony, texture, rhythm, orchestration
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Pure Codes (Music and Film)
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-Understanding relies upon cultural associations -Ex. *Harpsichord= 17th century European atmosphere *Sitar and Tabla= Traditional, classical Hindustani cultural context
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Cultural Codes (Music and Film)
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-Musical conventions established by film tradition Ex. *Rising semitones= suspense *Lush strings=love
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Filmic Codes (Music and Film)
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-Personify, prefigure, predict -Set and sustain dramatic mood -Generate dance -Reinforce dramatic action
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Stage Production (Music and Film)
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-Development and influence of technology 1920s-1940s *Network radio and broadcast industry *Expansion of recording industry in 1920s-1930s *Expansion of film industry in 1930s -1940s -Resulted in popularity of: *Jazz *Blues *Country (Hillbilly, Western Swing) *Bluegrass *Nashville Sound
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American Music Industry
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-Leitmotifs -As substitution for dialogue -Effect on narrative -Effect on sense of time passing
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Analytical Aspects (Music and Film)
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-Found in movie musicals -Unique blend of scenarios mixing diagetic and non-diagetic music
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"Source Vs. Score" (Music and Film)
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-Specially written music appearing between other sections
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Interlude (Components of Pop Music)
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-Specially written beginning to a piece
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Introduction (Components of Pop Music)
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-Jazz tune/specific performance of jazz standard -Specially written chorus *i.e. cycle through tune's formal design -Played between last solo and out head
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Shout Chorus (Components of Pop Music)
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-AKA verse -Poem set with a recurring pattern of both rhyme and meter -Consists of a series of lines arranged together
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Stanza (Components of Pop Music)
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-Repeating musical figure *Ex. a guitar riff -Often given for the accompaniment so that they can repeat as necessary during intros or solos,
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Vamp (Components of Pop Music)
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-Timbre and articulation -Rhythm -Texture
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African Elements (African American Music)
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-Harmonic system -Instruments
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European Elements (African American Music)
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-Call and response -Refrain lines -Often phrase _________ related to blues
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Form and Structure (African American Music)
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-Polyrhythms -Emphasis on duple meter -Extensive use of syncopation -Accentuation of beats 2 and 4 in quadruple meter -Repetition of short rhythmic patterns
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Rhythm (African American Music)
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-Falsetto register -Emphasis on sudden dynamic changes -Melisma (melismatic embellishment) -Juxtaposition of extreme vocal registers -Ornamentation
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Vocal Style (African American Music)
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-Percussive delivery style -Repetitive harmonic structures -Delivery style that imitates voice -Melodic, harmonic, rhythmic improvisation
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Instrumental Style (African American Music)
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-Dramatic display of energy -Hand claps and foot stomps -Expandable units of time (special choruses, vocal cadenzas, instrumental vamps) -Timbral manipulation of intonation -Equal emphasis on aural and visual performance components
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Performance (African American Music)
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-Music features folklore instruments indigenous to culture *Instruments simple to learn or play -Emphasis placed on individualized performance and performance style *Results in great sound variety
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Sound (European American Folk)
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-Prominent repetition -Little to no use of modulation -Predominance of simple harmonic progression designs *Consist of tonic (I), subdominant (IV), dominant (V)
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Harmony (European American Folk)
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-Limited melodic compass (overall range of _______) -Bends, slurs, falloffs, etc. prominent -Diatomic pitch organization (limited to tones of one scale) *Little or no chromaticism -Predominantly lyrical -Predominantly conjunct melodic contour
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Melody (European American Folk)
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-Often relate to song text or particular dance/dance style -Delivery not always precise or consistent *Singers use "fluid" approach to delivery
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Rhythm (European American Folk)
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-Monophonic or homophonic
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Texture (European American Folk)
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-Relate to text -Common formal designs *Strophic *Verse Refrain *Blues -Folk music often used for dance *Numerous multi-phrase sectional designs exist
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Form (European American Folk)
