Child Psychology (Middle Childhood Ch. 11-13) – Flashcards
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middle childhood
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The period from age 7 to 11.
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overweight
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A body weight that is 20-29 percent above the weight that is considered ideal for the person's age and height.
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obesity
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A body weight that is 30 percent or more above the weight that is considered ideal for the person's age and height.
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asthma
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A chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways.
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reaction time
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The length of time it takes a person to respond to a particular stimulus.
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automatization
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A process by which thoughts and actions are repeated in sequence so often that they become automatic, or routine, and no longer require much conscious thought.
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child with special needs
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A child who, because of a physical or mental disability, requires extra help in order to learn.
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individual education plan (IEP)
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A legally required document specifying a series of educational goals for each child with special needs.
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developmental psychopathology
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A field in which knowledge about normal development is applied to the study and treatment of various disorders, and vice versa.
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-R)
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The American Psychiatric Association's official guide to the diagnosis of mental disorders. The fifth edition will soon be published.
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pervasive developmental disorders
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Severe problems, such as autism, that affect many aspects of psychological growth of a child under age 3.
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autism
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A pervasive developmental disorder marked by an inability to relate to other people in an ordinary way, by extreme self-absorption, and by an inability to learn normal speech.
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Asperger syndrome
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A set of less severe symptoms of autism, in which the individual has fairly normal speech and intelligence but severely impaired social interaction.
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mentally retarded
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Having severe delays in all areas of mental development.
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learning-disabled
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Having a marked delay in a particular area of learning that is not associated with any obvious physical handicap, overall mental retardation, or unusually stressful home environment.
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aptitude
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The potential to learn, or master, a particular skill or body of knowledge.
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IQ tests
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Aptitude tests designed to measure a person's intellectual aptitude, or ability to learn in school. This aptitude was originally defined as mental age divided by chronological age, times 100-hence, intelligence quotient, or IQ.
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achievement tests
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Measures of reading ability, math knowledge, science facts, writing skills, or any other subject matter that has actually been mastered.
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norm-referenced
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Of achievement-test scores, based on a certain level of achievement that is usual, or normal (such as a certain grade level).
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criterion-referenced
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Of achievement-test scores, based on a certain standard of performance.
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Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC)
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An IQ test designed for school-age children; it is administered by a trained examiner to one child at a time; and the questions are varied to hold the child's interest and to assess many abilities, including vocabulary, general knowledge, memory, and spatial comprehension.
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dyslexia
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Unusual difficulty with reading.
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dyscalculia
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Unusual difficulty with mathematics.
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comorbidity
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The presence of more than one disorder in one person at the same time.
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AD/HD (attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder)
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A condition in which a child has great difficulty concentrating for more than a few moments at a time, and as a result, is inattentive, impulsive, and overactive.
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attention-deficit disorder (ADD)
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A condition in which a child has great difficulty concentrating (but, unlike a hyperactive child, is not impulsive and overactive); the child may be prone to anxiety and depression and may seem lost in thought, spaced out, or distracted.
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mainstreaming
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A policy (mandated by the Education of All Handicapped Children Act in 1975) under which children with special needs must be taught in "the least restrictive environment" available, which usually means that they are taught with other children in the general classroom.
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least restrictive environment (LRE)
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A legally required school setting that offers children with special needs as much freedom as possible to benefit from the instruction available to other children; often, in practice, the general classroom.
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resource room
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A room set aside in some schools for special-needs children to spend part of each day with a teacher who is trained and equipped to work with their disabilities.
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inclusion
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A policy under which learning-disabled children are included in the regular class, as in mainstreaming, but are supervised by a specially trained teacher or paraprofessional for all or part of the day.
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classification
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The process of organizing things into groups (or categories or classes) according to some property they have in common.
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identity
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The idea that certain characteristics of an object remain the same even if other characteristics change.
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reversibility
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The idea that sometimes a thing that has been changed can be returned to its original state by reversing the process by which it was changed.
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sensory register
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The component of the information-processing system in which incoming stimulus information is stored for a split second to allow it to be processed.
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working memory
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The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs. Also called short-term memory.
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long-term memory
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The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely.
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knowledge base
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A broad body of knowledge in a particular subject area that makes it easier to master new learning in that area.
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control processes
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The mechanism-selective attention, emotional regulation, and strategic thinking-that put memory, processing speed, and knowledge together in order to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system.
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selective attention
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The ability to screen out distractions and to focus on the details that will help in later recall of information.
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metacognition
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"Thinking about thinking," or the ability to evaluate a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish it, and then to monitor and adjust one's performance on that task.
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code-switching
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The ability to change one's speech and tone from one form to another.
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formal code
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Speech that is characterized by extensive vocabulary, complex syntax, and lengthy sentences. Also called elaborated code.
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informal code
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Speech that is characterized by the use of relatively few words and simpler syntax and by reliance on gestures and intonation to convey meaning. Also called restricted code.
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preconventional moral reasoning
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Kohlberg's first level of moral reasoning, in which emphasis is placed on getting rewards and avoiding punishments.
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conventional moral reasoning
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Kohlberg's second level of moral reasoning, in which emphasis is placed on social rules.
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postconventional moral reasoning
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Kohlberg's third level of moral reasoning, in which emphasis is placed on moral principles.
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morality of care
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In Gilligan's view, the tendency of females to be reluctant to judge right and wrong in absolute terms because they are socialized to be nurturant, compassionate, and nonjudgmental.
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morality of justice
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In Gilligan's view, the tendency of males to emphasize justice over compassion, judging right and wrong in absolute terms.
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Defining Issues Test (DIT)
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A questionnaire devised by James Rest that measures moral thinking by asking people to read various dilemmas and then to rank 12 statements as possible resolutions for each situation.
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phonics approach
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The teaching of reading by requiring children to learn the sounds of each letter before they begin to decipher simple words.
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whole-language approach
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The teaching of reading by encouraging children to develop all their language skills-talking and listening, reading and writing-all with the goal of communication.
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total immersion
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An approach to teaching a second language in which instruction occurs entirely in that language and the learner's native language is not used at all.
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hidden curriculum
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The unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of school learning.
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latency
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Freud's term for middle childhood, during which children's emotional drives are quieter, their psychosexual needs are repressed, and their unconscious conflicts are submerged.
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industry versus inferiority
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The fourth of Erikson's eight crises of psychosexual development, in which school-age children attempt to master many skills and develop a sense of themselves as either industrious and competent or incompetent and inferior.
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social cognitive theory
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A perspective that highlights how the school-age child advances in learning, cognition, and culture, building on maturation and experience to become more articulate, insightful, and competent.
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social cognition
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A person's awareness and understanding of human personality, motives, emotions, intentions, and actions.
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social comparison
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The tendency to assess one's abilities, achievements, social status, and other attributes by measuring them against those of other people, especially one's peers.
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peer group
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An aggregate of individuals of roughly the same age and social status who play, work, or learn together.
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society of children
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The social culture of children, consisting of the games, vocabulary, dress codes, and rules of behavior that characterize their interactions.
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aggressive-rejected
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Referring to children who are actively rejected by their peer group because of their aggressive, confrontational behavior.
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withdrawn-rejected
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Referring to children who are actively rejected by their peer group because of their withdrawn, anxious behavior.
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bullying
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A child's repeated, systematic efforts to inflict harm on another, particular child through physical, verbal, or social attacks.
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family function
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The ways in which a family operates to nurture the development of its children's potential: meeting their physical needs for food, clothing, and shelter; encouraging them to learn; developing their self-esteem; nurturing their friendships with peers; and providing harmony and stability at home.
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family structure
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The legal and genetic relationships among the members of a particular family.
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nuclear family
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A family that consists of a father, a mother, and the biological children they have together.
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extended family
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A family that consists of three or more generations of biologically related individuals.
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single-parent family
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A family that consists of one parent and his or her biological children.
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blended family
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A family that consists of two adults, the biological children from a previous union of one or both adults, and any children the adults have together.
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grandparent family
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A family that consists of children living with their grandparents instead of with their parents.
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adoptive family
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A family that consists of one or more nonbiological children whom an adult individual or couple have voluntarily, legally, and permanently taken to raise as their own.
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foster family
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A family in which one or more orphaned, neglected, abused, or delinquent children are temporarily cared for by an adult individual or couple to whom they are not biologically related.
