Module 21: Biology, Cognition, and Learning Answers – Flashcards
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Which of the following psychologists proposed a cognitive explanation of classical conditioning?
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Robert Rescorla
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The process of learning and imitating behavior is called:
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modeling
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Learning that is not immediately demonstrated in overt behavior is called:
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latent learning
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_____ highlighted the antisocial effects of aggressive models on children's behavior.
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Bandura
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In experiments with rats in which rewards were not given to the rats for exploring a maze, experimenters later included rewards after several trials. When rewards were given upon reaching the end of the maze, the time needed to complete the maze decreased immediately. This caused researchers to conclude that:
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reinforcement is not necessary for learning to occur
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The famous Bobo doll research was conducted by:
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Albert Bandura.
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If Gloria gets violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, she will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where she ate or to the sound of the music she heard there. This illustrates that associative learning is constrained by _____ predispositions.
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biological
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Studies have shown that prolonged exposure to violence also _____ people when they later view violence on television or in real life.
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desensitizes
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In _____, an organism develops an expectation that the conditioned stimulus signals the arrival of an unconditioned stimulus.
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classical conditioning
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Studies show that a significant number of children who are victims of child abuse become child abusers themselves. This unfortunate behavior is most likely learned through:
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observational learning
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Behavior driven by rewards, rules, and responsibilities is driven by _____
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extrinsic motivation
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Children with autism spectrum disorder have difficulty learning from observing others, a deficit that is believed to be due to impaired:
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mirror neurons
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Coyotes who have been fed sheep carcasses laced with a nausea-inducing poison are less likely to prey on sheep in the wild. This phenomenon is BEST explained by:
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taste aversion
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In Pavlov's original experiments, dogs were classically conditioned to salivate to the sound of a tone when it preceded the presentation of food. According to Robert Rescorla, the dogs had learned:
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that the tone was a signal that reliably predicted that food would follow.
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Money is to _____ as enjoyment of an activity is to _____.
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extrinsic reward; intrinsic reward
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The predictability of an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the unconditioned stimulus. This fact is MOST likely to be highlighted by a _____ perspective.
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cognitive
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Cory stopped at his favorite drive-thru restaurant after a late night of studying and ordered his favorite sandwich. In the middle of the night he awoke with stomach pains. About two weeks later, Cory was waiting in line at the same restaurant when he began to feel nauseated. This is an example of:
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taste aversion
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A guest will be spending time in a classroom. To make sure the students imitate this person's prosocial behaviors, the teacher should pick a guest who the children think is:
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similar to them
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Timothy easily taught his cat to jump through a hoop for the reward of food, but could not get the cat to fetch a ball and return it to him. The cat would chase the ball but use his paws to play with it. The cat not wanting to fetch the ball is a phenomenon known as _____.
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instinctive drift
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Jackie is worried about her young children being exposed to violence on television. You should tell Jackie all of the following EXCEPT:
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she should not worry so long as she is not modeling violent behavior.
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If a parent wants to increase the amount of time a child spends reading as opposed to playing video games, the parent will need to increase the _____ of reading.
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intrinsic motivation
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Road construction prevents Binit from getting to campus using the route he always travels. He thinks about the situation for a moment and then comes up with a different route. Binit has used _____ to figure out this alternative route.
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his cognitive map of the area
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Henry, a heavy smoker, is interested in quitting. Given what is known about the cognitive processes involved in classical conditioning, what is the MOST likely reason he still has trouble quitting after he is treated with a drug that induces nausea when he smokes a cigarette?
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He realizes his nausea is due to the drug, not the cigarette.
