question

Skill

answer

ability to bring about some end results with maximum certainty and minimum outlay of energy or time of energy

question

3 elements critical to almost any skill

answer

1. perceiving the relevant environment features 2. deciding what to do, and where and when to do it to achieve the goal 3. producing organized muscular activity to generate movements that achieve the goal

question

movements

answer

has no particular goal

question

skills consists of

answer

movements

question

Gross skills

answer

big muscles, larger groups of muscles

question

fine skills

answer

small muscles, finger related

question

open skills

answer

environment is variable and unpredictable during the action

question

closed skills

answer

environment is stable and predictable

question

discrete skills

answer

easily defined beginning and end, often with a very brief duration of movement, good for daily life

question

serial skills

answer

group of discrete skills strung together to make up a new, more complicated skilled action; follows a particular order

question

continuous skills

answer

arbitrary beginning and end points, the behavior flowing for minutes or hours

question

motor skills

answer

quality of a movement, decision making is minimized

question

cognitive skills

answer

quality of the performer's decisions regarding what to do, decision making is maximized

question

motor performance

answer

observable attempt to produced a voluntary action

question

motor learning

answer

change in internal processes that determine the capability of producing a motor task

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constant error (CE)

answer

average all the scores for each subject, interpreted as an overall tendency to underthrow or overthrow a target

question

absolute error (AE)

answer

consider the absolute value of the error on each trial and take the average of those error scores for the various trials, interpreted as one person or group being more off target than another

question

variable error (VE)

answer

measure of the subject's inconsistency, computed by squaring the difference between each trial's error score and the subject's constant error

question

error scores in discrete tasks

answer

constant error, absolute error, and variable error

question

what is the stage of information processing in which a person recognizes and distinguishes the input? a. Stimulus identification b. Response selection c. Response interpretation d. Movement programming

answer

a

question

Which information-processing stage is responsible for a transition process between sensory input and movement output? a. stimulus identification b. movement execution c. response selection d. movement programming

answer

c

question

When discussing information processing, ____________ is the information a person receives for processing. a. input b. stimulus identification c. response d. output

answer

a

question

T/F: The RT interval is a measure of accumulated durations of the three stages of information processing

answer

true

question

T/F: A stage analysis of performance assumes that processing in two different stages can occur at the same time

answer

false

question

Which skills unfold without a recognizable beginning and end in an ongoing fashion? a. Discrete b. Continuous c. Closed d. Serial

answer

b

question

Variable error (VE) measures a. the amount of error in a block of trials b. the consistency of error in a block of trials c. the average error by a group d. how close a given trial is to a target

answer

b

question

What is the stage of information processing in which the person organizes the motor system to produce the desired output? a. Stimulus identification b. Response selection c. Response interpretation d. Movement programming

answer

d

question

Skills are different from movements because a. they require more than one movement b. they have an environmental goal c. they require experience d. they have a defined beginning and end

answer

b

question

The components of stimuli from sources such as vision, audition, and touch are thought to be __________ in the stimulus identification stage. a. separated b. assembled c. chosen d. compartmentalized

answer

b

question

Producing __________ muscular activity in order to produce movements is one of the critical elements for almost any skill. a. maximum b. minimum c. organized d. serial

answer

c

question

The three stages of information processing between input and output include all of the following except a. stimulus identification b. response selection c. response interpretation d. movement programming

answer

c

question

The process of rehearsing information keeps it available in the a. long-term memory b. short-term memory c. short-term sensory store d. motor memory

answer

b

question

What is the period of time that passes from the presentation of a stimulus to the beginning of a person's response? It begins when the stimulus is presented and ends when the movement is initiated. a. Response selection b. Movement time c. Reaction time d. Response latency

answer

c

question

What is the interval between the presentation of one of several stimuli to the beginning of one of several possible responses? a. Foreperiod b. Choice reaction time c. Anticipation d. Response selection

answer

b

question

Anticipation that involves what will happen in the environment is called ____________? a. automaticity b. temporal anticipation c. spatial anticipation

answer

c

question

What is the stage of information processing in which a person decides what to do with the information provided? a. Stimulus identification b. Response selection c. Response interpretation d. Response programming

answer

b

question

Information stored in which memory system is thought to be very abstract? a. long-term memory b. short-term memory c. short-term sensory store d. motor memory

answer

a

question

A __________ skill occurs in a stable and predictable environment. a. closed b. discrete c. serial d. open

answer

a

question

The interval of elapsed time after a suddenly presented stimulus until the beginning of the response is called the a. response time interval b. prereaction time interval c. movement time interval d. reaction time interval

answer

d

question

Which of the following is NOT generally involved in the execution of a motor skill? a. maximizing the certainty of goal achievement b. minimizing the physical energy costs of performance c. maximizing the mental energy costs of performance d. minimizing the time used to execute the skill

answer

c

question

The extent to which a stimulus and response are connected in a natural way is called a. stimulus-response compatibility b. population stereotype c. spatial compatibility d. stimulus-response adaptability

answer

a

question

T/F: Skills have a particular goal

answer

true

question

A skill for which the primary determinant of success is the quality of the performer's decisions regarding what to do is consider what kind of skill? a. motor skill b. cognitive skill c. discrete skill d. serial skill

answer

b

question

Which of the following is not a critical element to almost any skill? a. producing organized muscular activity to generate movements and achieve the goal b. perceiving the relevant environmental features c. deciding what to do and where to do it and when to do it to achieve the goal d. minimizing the time used

answer

d

question

T/F: For closed skills, the environment is variable and unpredictable during the action.

answer

false

question

Which of the following is a measure of the subject's inconsistency? a. absolute error b. constant error c. variable error d. reaction time

answer

c

question

T/F: The Stimulus Identification Stage is primarily a sensory stage

answer

true

question

Which of the following is a transition process between sensory input and movement output? a. movement programming b. response selection c. stimulus identification d. reaction time

answer

b

question

Which of the following is not a factor that influences decision making? a. stimulus-response compatibility b. population stereotypes c. amount of practice d. anticipation

answer

d

question

T/F: Short-term Sensory Store is responsible for storing vast amounts of sensory information only long enough for some of it to be abstracted and further processed

answer

true

question

Which of the following is a temporary holding place for information? a. long-term memory b. short-term memory c. short-term sensory store

answer

b

question

T/F: Attention is a resource

answer

true

question

When a person is performing a task, they must be able to shift attention between all of the following except a. events in the environment b. monitoring and correcting his or her own actions c. planning future events d. switching the task at hand

answer

d

question

T/F: Inattention Blindness is when you can miss seeming obvious features in our environment when we are engaged in attentive visual search

answer

true

question

Factors known to affect vigilance include all of the following except a. motivation b. fatigue c. environmental factors d. all of the above

answer

d

question

T/F: Automaticity is developed through lots of practice especially under a consistent mapping condition

answer

true

question

Reaction time and decision making are not influence by which of the following? a. Number of possible stimuli b. color of stimuli

answer

Color of stimuli

question

If a movement is slow or long in duration, control is dominated by __________ processes a. open-loop b. general motor program c. closed-loop

answer

c

question

T/F: The two essential parts to an open-loop system are the comparator and error detection.

answer

false

question

Visual information, useful for object identification and control of movement in the visual environment, travels from the retina to which part of the brain? a. primary visual cortex b. posterior parietal cortex c. inferotemporal cortex d. temporal cortex

answer

a

question

Proprioception includes all of the following except a. feedback regarding position of joints b. sensory feedback regarding the position of body and limbs c. sensory information from outside of the body d. feedback regarding orientation of the body in various positions

answer

c

question

This visual system is used to detect the orientation of the body in the environment, is nonconscious, and takes in all of the visual field. a. ventral stream vision b. dorsal stream vision c. perceptual vision d. optical flow

answer

b

question

The major roles of a motor program include all of the following except a. to define and issue commands to determine muscles to contract b. to organize the degrees of freedom into multiple units to produce different kinds of movement c. to make postural adjustments to support action d. to adapt reflexes to ensure the goal is achieved

answer

b

question

T/F: A feedback-based view of movement control accounts for movement production in spiking a volleyball

answer

false

question

Sensory information that primarily comes from sources outside of a person's body is called a. exteroception b. proprioception c. kinesthetics d. interoception

answer

a

question

T/F: The general motor program theory addresses the storage problem because the theory holds that an infinite number of movement variations can be produced by a single basic program, so only one program needs to be stored

answer

true

question

Characteristics of an open-loop control system include all of the following except a. preplanned instructions that specify the functions to be performed b. feedback to provide information that arises from various sensory systems c. a system that carries out the instructions with little or no modifications d. it is used to explain rapid and discrete movements

answer

b

question

T/F: Proprioceptive sensory information provides information to the processing system about the state of the body

answer

true

question

This visual system is used to identify an object in the center of the visual field, is conscious, leads to identification, and is affected by lighting. a. ventral vision b. dorsal vision c. perceptual vision d. optical flow

answer

a

question

T/F: The open-loop control system returns feedback to the system after instructions have been sent to the effector level

answer

false

question

T/F: An open-loop system is not sensitive to whether or not actions were successful in meeting the goal

answer

true

question

Studies of tracking suggest that the system of closed-loop control can produce corrections at a maximum rate of about __________ per second. a. 1 b. 5 c. 3 d. 8

answer

c

question

This type of control system sends centrally determined, prestructured commands to the effector and runs without feedback. It is used for rapid, discrete movements. a. open-loop control b. closed-loop control c. motor program d. generalized motor program

answer

a

question

For a quick pointing movement made with the arm while standing, the first muscles to activate are the __________. a. fingers b. shoulder c. neck d. lower back and legs

answer

d

question

The M1 feedback loop is at a low level in the spinal cord and does not involve __________. a. stereotyped responses b. rapid responses c. voluntary control d. involuntary control

answer

c

question

T/F: Motor behavior is a complex blend of open- and closed-loop processes

answer

true

question

Which of the following does not provide proprioceptive information to a performer? a. vestibular apparatus b. joint receptors c. Golgi tendon organs d. optical flow

answer

d

question

This form of visual control detects movement of patterns of light rays from the environment and allows a person to perceive motion, position, and timing. a. ventral vision b. dorsal vision c. perceptual vision d. optical flow

answer

d

question

Dorsal vision is used to make __________ in already programmed actions. a. a rapid stop b. a change in movement direction c. minor adjustments d. a change in the general motor program

answer

c

question

_____________ is a device for recording the electrical activity in the muscles; it has been used in some studies to provide evidence that motor programs exist. a. Electromyography (EMG) b. Central pattern generator c. Reaction time (RT) d. Deafferentation

answer

a

question

Motor program theory fails to explain which of the following? a. novel tasks and storage problems b. how reaction time increases when additional elements are added to the movement c. how electromyography reveals the same muscle pattern when limbs are blocked d. slow pointing movements

answer

a

question

Parts in a closed-loop control system

answer

error signal, comparator, executive, effector

question

effector

answer

carries out the decisions made

question

executive

answer

makes decisions about errors

question

comparator

answer

is compared to feedback in order to define an error

question

dorsal stream or ventral stream: Specialized for conscious identification of objects

answer

ventral stream

question

dorsal stream or ventral stream: Specialized for online movement control

answer

dorsal stream

question

dorsal stream or ventral stream: Severely degraded by dim lighting conditions

answer

ventral stream

question

dorsal stream or ventral stream: Vision that is processed through the information-processing stages, leading to action

answer

ventral stream

question

dorsal stream or ventral stream: Optical-flow processes provide information about time to contact, direction of movement of objects, and balance

answer

dorsal stream

question

dorsal stream or ventral stream: Involves both central and peripheral vision

answer

dorsal stream

question

Extroception provides information to the processing system about

answer

The state of the environment

question

All of the following regarding closed loop control are accurate except

answer

The system involves error correction without the use of feedback

question

Feedforward information represents ___

answer

Anticipated sensory consequences

question

The visual system is used to detect the orientation of the body in the environment, is non-conscious, and takes in all of the visual field

answer

dorsal stream vision

question

T/F: According to GMP theory, invariant features make a pattern consistently appear the same

answer

true

question

T/F: The storage and the novelty are limitations to simple motor program theory

answer

true

question

___ is thought of as building new, more stable, more precise and/or longer-operating motor programs

answer

practice

question

This type of control system sends centrally determined, prestructured commands to the effector and runs without feedback. It is used for rapid, discrete movements

answer

open-loop control

question

T/F: According to GMP theory, parameters determine how a movement is executed

answer

true

question

___ is a centrally located control mechanism that produces genetic, repetitive, actions; it is similar to a motor program and triggered by some stimulus and seems to use patterns for activations

answer

central pattern generator

question

Investigators from the ____ perspective state that the regularities of movement patterns are not represented in programs but emerge naturally out of the complex interactions among degrees of freedom

answer

self-organization

question

Fitt's Law tells us all of the following except

answer

MT decreases as movement amplitude increases

question

Effective target width is a measure of

answer

accuracy

question

When a person attempts to produce the same force on repeated trials, ____ is thought to be caused by relatively noisy processes that convert central nervous system impulses into activation of muscle motor units

answer

variability

question

___ is a surgical procedure in which a bundle of nerves is severed an results in the prevention of nerve impulses reaching the spinal cord; animal experiments using this surgery provide evidence for motor programs

answer

deafferentation

question

Fitt's law states that movement time is linearly related to

answer

index of difficulty

question

___ is the type of accuracy required of aiming movements for which the position of the movement's end point is important to the performance

answer

spatial accuracy

question

If a movement is ___, instructions to decrease movement time have a detrimental effect on spatial accuracy

answer

relatively slow

question

The differences in people's performance that are caused by differences in stable and enduring abilities are

answer

individual differences

question

The method scientists use to examine variables that influence people's performance in a uniform way is

answer

Experimental approach

question

The method scientist use to examine individual abilities or difference (factors that make people different from each other) is

answer

differential approach

question

the term ___ describes proficiencies that can be modified by practice and are essentially countless in number

answer

skills

question

All of the following are important distinctions of abilities except

answer

developed with practice

question

An early view that a single global ability is the basis for all motor behavior (now viewed as incorrect)

answer

general motor ability hypothesis

question

A view that several specific independent motor abilities are the basis for every type of motor performance is

answer

specificity hypothesis

question

The method of measuring the strength of a relationship between people's performance scores on two tasks is

answer

correlation

question

Selecting someone for a high-performance team because he or she performs well as a novice is problematic because

answer

the relative importance of various underlying abilities can change as a learner progresses from beginner to expert

question

The study of ___ involves the distinct emphases: abilities and prediction

answer

individual differences

question

T/F: Because the velocity of a movement is larger when a movement is sped up, decreasing the movement time for a task increases timing error

answer

false

question

T/F: Fitt's Law describes the tendency for performers to trade speed for accuracy

answer

true

question

T/F: Decreases in accuracy when movement times are very short are simply due to less time for feedback utilization

answer

false

question

T/F: An inverted U-relationship exists between spatial accuracy and force requirements with the least accuracy produced at moderate force levels

answer

true

question

T/F: Skills with purely temporal goals seem to follow different principles than those with purely spatial goals

answer

true

question

T/F: There is evidence that movement time and kinematics for two limbs completing different, incongruent tasks are determined independently and not by a joint command

answer

false

question

T/F: In an experiment that examines Fitt's Law, amplitude and width can vary in different combinations in the task

answer

true

question

T/F: When separate, incongruent task demands are required of two limbs, the explanatory power of Fitt's law is reduced

answer

true

question

___ refers to stable and enduring traits that are genetically determined and underlie a person's skilled performance

answer

abilities

question

All of the following are important distinctions of skill except

answer

inherited traits

question

All of the following are true about skill correlation except

answer

There is an underlying general ability for balance skills

question

T/F: The prediction of success in motor skills is very effective in motor behavior

answer

false

question

T/F: Visual acuity, color vision, height, and build are considered skills more than abilities

answer

false

question

T/F: Even with extensive practice, a person lacking a sufficient level of the fundamental abilities required for a particular task will not achieve high levels of performance

answer

true

question

which of following examples illustrates specificity of learning? a. transferring skills from miniature golf to a golf course b. home-field advantage c. being able to use many types of ATMs d. multitask learning

answer

b

question

it is useful to define learning in terms of the gain in underlying ___ for skilled performances developed during practice a. abilities b. capability c. motor learning d. motor skills

answer

b

question

a practice sequence in which a significant amount of time is spend on one task before practicing the next task is

answer

blocked practice

question

Fitts' stages of learning were designed to consider ___ components involved in skill acquisition a. many b. perceptual c. motor d. both perceptual and motor

answer

d

question

in a transfer design, the temporary effect of the variable must be a. retained b. transferred to another, similar task c. transferred to another, very different task d. allowed to dissipate

answer

d

question

___ is an example of a positive temporary effect of practice a. Motivation b. Fatigue c. A decreasing performance curve d. An increasing performance curve

answer

a

question

overcoming the negative effects of ___ is part of the reason why pre-performance routines contribute to successful performance a. freezing degrees of freedom b. overlearning c. releasing degrees of freedom d. the warm-up decrement

answer

d

question

in Bernstein's views, a degree of freedom means a. a joint such as the knee b. an individual muscle c. ways in which muscles or joints are free to move d. ways in which muscles or joints interact with each other

answer

c

question

part practice is most effective for ___ skills when the parts are performed relatively independently a. open b. discrete c. serial d. continuous

answer

c

question

____ is information provided to the learner from an external source

answer

augmented feedback

question

a set of rules relating the various outcomes of a person's actions to the parameters that the person sets to produce those outcomes is

answer

schema

question

any difference observed in a transfer test are due to a. positive temporary effects b. negative temporary effects c. relatively permanent changes in capability for performance d. the transfer of temporary effects to the later test

answer

c

question

___ practice provides relatively little rest between trials, whereas ___ practice calls for much more rest between trials

answer

massed; distributed

question

A practice schedule in which a person rehearses different variations of the same action is

answer

variable practice

question

One limitation in the usefulness of performance curves is that they a. reflect the law of practice b. can either increase or decrease with practice c. do not measure relatively permanent changes d. can plot individual or average performance against practice trials

answer

c

question

Which of the following statements about motor learning is not true? a. motor learning is a set of processes associated with practice b. motor learning leads to relatively permanent gains c. motor learning is not directly observable d. motor learning is determined by a general ability for learning

answer

d

question

Choose a practice structure that would be appropriate for practicing one bounce pass, one overhead pass, and one chest pass in basketball

answer

random practice

question

During Fitts' ____ stage of learning, movements involving closed skills become more stereotyped a. cognitive b. associative c. autonomous d. degrees of freedom

answer

c

question

Practice can have ____ on the learner a. simultaneous temporary and relatively permanent effects b. temporary effects that persist across many days c. relatively permanent effects that vanish with a change in conditions d. relatively permanent effects that vanish with time or a change in conditions

answer

a

question

Some learners engage in much self-talk about the actual physical performance in Fitts' __________ stage of learning a. cognitive b. associative c. autonomous d. degrees of freedom

answer

a

question

Which of the following processes is not thought to be influenced by practice? a. increased cardiorespiratory endurance b. increased automaticity c. improvements in action selection d. the building of more effective generalized motor programs

answer

a

question

when learners are trained to develop general capabilities for a variety of skills, a ___ test is most appropriate for evaluating the effects of practice a. near transfer b. far transfer c. specific transfer (retention) d. negative transfer

answer

b

question

___ refers to the degree to which a simulator mimics the criterion task a. Sameness b. Fidelity c. Mimicry d. Accuracy

answer

b

question

Which of the following may be the result of motor learning in the sport of soccer? a. maturation and growth of a young player b. improved strength from an appropriate weight training program c. an improved VO2max measurement d. an improvement in ball handling performance

answer

d

question

In Bernstein's final stage of learning, movement becomes maximally skilled in terms of a. effectiveness and efficiency b. the general idea of movement and degrees of freedom c. decision making and degrees of freedom d. using motivation and efficiency

answer

a

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