Interconnections between Acquisition and Retrieval – Flashcards

When you wan to locate information in memory, you travel on those paths, moving from one memory to the next until you reach the target material. Like any paths they have a starting point and an ending point.

We expect a retrieval advantage if the learning and test circumstances match. Hence, we expect better performance when the context of cold-related thoughts from the diver feeling cold during a learning episode. When being tested underwater that these the cold-related thoughts connect to the target material and trigger learnt material. What's preserved in memory is some record of the target material (i.e. the information you're focusing on) and also some record of the connections you established during learning.

A strategy of re-creating the thoughts and feelings of the learning episode even if, at the time of recall, you're in a very different place. Therefore, is not the physical context but the psychological context. However, going back to the underwater learning where the information you seek may also be tied in memory to thoughts that had been triggered by the learning context (e.g. thoughts about being underwater)If you're back in that context at the time of recall, the target nodes can receive a double input (i.e. activation from two different sources), and this will help activate the target nodes.

This label reminds us that what you encode (i.e. place into memory) is indeed specific not just the physical stimulus as it was encountered, but the stimulus together with its context. When the participants think about the target word in a particular way, and it was this thought that was encoded into memory. Changing the meaning of what is remembered, because in many setting two context: "The man lifted the piano" is different to "the man tuned the piano".

Nodes are tied to each other via connections we'll call associations, or associative links. Some people find it helpful to think of the nodes as being akin to lightbulbs that can be turned on by incoming electricity, and to imagine the associative links as wires that carry the electricity.

A node becomes activated when it has received a strong enough input signal until it reaches response threshold. Then, once a node has been activated it can then fire, then in turn activate other nodes: Energy will spread out from the just-activated node via its associations, and will activate the nodes connected to the just-activated node. Activation levels below the response threshold (sub threshold activation) accumulate say two sub threshold inputs together (summate) to bring the node to threshold. So that it is "warmed up" so that even a weak input will be sufficient to bring the node to threshold. You do not choose how this spreading occurs within the network, only it occurs from its starting point in all directions simultaneously, flowing through whatever connections are in place. People have some degree of control over the starting points for their memory searches, relying on the processes of reasoning and the mechanisms of executive control. Once the spreading activation has begun, people have the option of "shutting down" some of this spread if they are convinced that the wrong nodes are being activated.

Connection between South Dakota and Pierre is weak, so Pierre may not receive enough activation to reach threshold. Things will go differently, though, if the participant is also given the hint "the capital is a man's name". Now the Pierre node will receive activation from two input, it is more likely that the Pierre node will reach threshold. this is why the hint "man's name" makes the memory search easier.

The term "priming" is used to indicate that a specific prior event (in this case, the presentation of the first word in the pair) will produce a state of readiness (and, hence, faster responding) later on. The two words in the pair are related in meaning were faster by almost 100 ms in the lexical-decision responses.

This means that you're presented with a retrieval cue that broadly identifies the information you seek, but then you need to come up with the information on your own. Recall, by its very nature, requires memory search because you have to come up with the sought-after item on your own; you need to locate that item within memory and depends on memory connections.

The term refers to cases in which information is presented to you, and you must decide whether it's the sought-after information or not. Depends of a sense of familiarity. You do not have any recollect of the source of your current knowledge. But you do have a strong sense of familiarity and you're willing to make an inference about where that familiarity came from. It is possible for an event to be familiar without any source memory.

This type of memory depends on the connections link to the target material to thoughts about the setting in which ou encountered that material, and these connections help you to recall when and where you saw that person, or heard that song, or smaller that perfume. It is also possible for you to have source memory without any familiarity.

People have detailed, accurate memories of the past but no sense at all of familiarity, and so faces (of family members, of friends) seem hauntingly unfamiliar.

Depends on different brain areas. Remember items crucial for source memory shows heightened active in the hippocampus. Know response are associated with the anterior parahippocampus crucial for familiarity. Familiarity and source memory can also be distinguished during learning. If the rhinal cortex was especially activated during encoding, then the stimulus was likely to seem familiar when viewed later on. Activity in the hippocampus is presumably helping to create the memory connections that promote source memory.

Are conscious usually revealed by direct memory testing, that specifically urges you to remember the past. Recall is a direct memory test, so is a standard recognition test. Subdivided into Episodic memory for specific events and Semantic memory, general knowledge not tied to any time or place.

Are typically revealed by indirect memory testing and are often manifested as priming effects. In this form of testing, your current behaviour is demonstrably influenced by a prior event, but you may be quite unaware of this. Lexical decision, word-stem completion, and many other tasks provide indirect means or assessing memory. It can also influence us in the marketplace, guiding our choices when we're shopping. Subdivided into procedural memory - knowing how (memory of skills), Priming - changes in perception and belief caused by previous experience, Perceptual learning - Recalibration of perceptual systems as a result of experience, and Classical conditioning - Learning about associations among stimuli.

In this task, participants are given three or four letters and must produce a word with this beginning. e.g. cal, then clam or clatter.

Come from the way the participants interpreted this feeling and what conclusions they drew from it. to put it simply, participants in the 24-hour delay condition forgot the real source of the familiarity (appearance on a recently viewed list) and instead filled in a bogus source (Maybe I saw this person in a movie). The experiment, was described as being about fame, and other names on the list were famous people. This misattribution is possible only because the feeling of familiarity produced by these names was relatively vague, and so open to interpretation. This suggest that implicit memories may leave people with only a broad sense that a stimulus is somehow distinctive, that it rings a bell.

Sentences heard before were morel likely to be accepted as true, that is familiarity increased credibility. The effect emerged even when the participants were explicitly warned in advance not to believe the sentences in the first list. When the participants were told half of the statement came from men. The women statements were always true; men always false. Statements plainly identified as false when they were first heard still were subsequently judged to be more credible than sentences never heard before. Familiarity will by itself, increase the likelihood that you'll believe in wilson's dishonesty, even if the allegation came from a disreputable source.

Unfortunately, victims sometimes pick the wrong person, and this error is more likely to occur iff the suspect is familiar to the victim for some reason other than the crime. But they were confused about the source of the familiarity. They falsely believed they head seen the person's face in the original crime when in truth, they'd seen that face in a subsequent photograph. The error is unlikely, though if the face is faery familiar, because, in that case, your history will likely produce a feeling of familiar, and an accurate source (See him at the gym all the time).

The sequence of detectors, and the connections between detectors, that the activation flows through in recognising a specific stimulus. That processing pathway strengthens that pathway. This is because the baseline activation level of nodes or detectors increase if the nodes or detectors have been used frequently in the past, or if they've beeb used recently. Likewise, connections grow stronger with use, more efficient , faster the next time you use it. Increasing the processing fluency of that pathway in speed and ease in which the pathway carry's activation and in theory explains the implicit memory effect. By merely register a vague sense of specialness simply caused from the detection of ease-in-processing, brought on by fluency, which in turn was created by practice.

Is often caused by blows to the head; the afflicted person is then unable to recall events that occurred just before the blow.

Causes disruption of memory for experiences after the onset of amnesia. Patients seem completely incapable of recalling episodes or events, and so, in the terms we've been using, they seem to have no explicit memory. Even so, these patients do learn and do remember and thus seem to have intact implicit memories (pin in the hand). Patient that had suffered damage to the amygdala shows little evidence of implicit memory (no fear response by skin conductance response) but normal level or explicit memory. Patient that had suffered damage to the hippocampus and show the opposite pattern: massively disrupted explicit memory but a normal fear response.

Amnesia found in patient who have been longtime alcoholics. Generally caused by inadequate diets, as alcohol is missing several key nutrients, including vitamin B1 (thiamine). They typically have no problem remembering events that took place before the onset of alcoholism. They can also maintain current topics in mind as long as there's no interruption. New, information, though, if desplaced from the mind, is lost forever.

Your best bet might be to build multiple highways, so that you can reach your goal from any direction. Memory works the same way. If you initially think about a topic in different ways and in conjunction with many other ideas, then you'll establish many paths leading to the target material.

Build many highways that travel in many directions, so you have multiple ways to remember it later.

"Last month I went to my 20th high school reunion. I saw people I hadn't thought about for years, but the moment I saw them, I was reminded or the things we'd done together 20 years earlier.

Susan has learned the principles covered in her psychology class, be she has difficulty remembering the principles in the context of her day-to-day life.

neural networks

Participants in Group B performed better when given a meaning hint than when given a sound hint.

In the memory test, the fourth word tested is "yards", and the fifth is "feet".

Given when the participant knows he or she saw the stimulus before, because he or she can recall details about the context in which it was encountered.

Linda's identification is more valuable to the police because Cindy may have been misled by the fact that Mike seemed familiar because of her other encounters with him.