Medical Terminology Ch. 7 – Flashcards
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bougie
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slender, flexible instrument for exploring and dilating tubes
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cannula
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tube enclosing a trocar that allows escape of fluid or air after removal of the trocar
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clamp
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instrument used to compress tissue
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curet
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spoon-shaped instrument for removing material from the wall of a cavity or other surface
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elevator
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instrument for lifting tissue or bone
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forceps
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instrument for holding or extracting
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Gigli saw
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flexible wire saw
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hemostat
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small clamp for stopping blood flow from a vessel
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rasp
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surgical file
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retractor
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interment used to maintain exposure by separating a wound and holding back organs or tissues
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rongeur
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gouge forceps
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scalpel
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surgical knife with sharp blade
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scissors
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cutting instrument with two opposing blades
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sound
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instrument for exploring a cavity or canal
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trocar
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sharp pointed instrument contained in a cannula used to puncture a cavity
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anesthesia
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loss of the ability to feel pain, as by administration of a drug
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auscultation
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listening for sounds within the body, usually within the chest or abdomen
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biopsy
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removal of a small amount of tissue for microscopic examination
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cautery
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destruction of tissue by a damaging agent, such as a harmful chemical, heat, or electric current; cauterization
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chemotherapy
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use of chemicals to treat a disease
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diagnosis
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the process of determining the cause and nature of an illness
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endoscope
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an instrument for examining the inside of an organ or cavity through a body opening or small incision (usually use fiber optics for viewing)
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excision
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removal by cutting
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fixation
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holding or fastening a strutter in a firm position
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grading
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method for evaluation a tumor based on microscopic examination of the cells
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immunotherapy
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treatment that involves stimulation or suppression of the immune system, either specifically or nonspecifically
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incision
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a cut, as for surgery
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inspection
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visual examination of the body
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laser
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a device that transforms light into a beam of intense heat and power; used for surgery and diagnosis
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opthalmoscope
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an instrument for examining the interior of the eye
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otoscope
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instrument used to examine the ears
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palliative
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providing relief but not cure
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palpation
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examination by placing the hands or fingers on the surface of the body to determine characteristics such as texture, temperature, movement, and consistency
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percussion
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tapping the body lightly but sharply to assess the condition of the underlying tissue by the sounds obtained
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prognosis
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prediction of a disease's course and outcome
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radiography
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use of x-rays passed through the body to make a visual record (radiograph) of internal strutters either on specially sensitized film or digitally; roentgenography
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remission
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lessening of disease symptoms; the period during which this decrease occurs or the period when no sign of a disease exists
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sign
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objective evidence of disease that can be observed or tested; ex.) fever, rash, high BP, blood/urine abnormalities; an objective symptom
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sphygmomanometer
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blood pressure apparatus or blood pressure cuff; pressure is read in millimeters of mercury (mmHg) when the heart is contracting (systolic) and when the heart is relaxing (diastolic) and is reported as systolic/diastolic
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staging
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the process of classifying malignant tumors for diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis
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stethoscope
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an instrument used for listening to sounds produced within the body
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surgery
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a method for treating disease or injury by manual operations
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suture
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to unite parts by stitching them together; also the threat or other material use in that process or the seam formed by surgical stitching
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symptom
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any evidence of disease; sometimes limited to subjective evidence of disease as experienced by the individual, such as pain, dizziness, and weakness
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therapy
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treatment, intervention
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vital signs
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measurements that reflect basic functions necessary to maintain life
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acupuncture
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an ancient Chinese method of inserting thin needles into the body at specific points to relieve pain, induce anesthesia, or promote healing; similar effects can be obtained by using firm finger pressure at the surface of the body in a technique of acupressure
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biofeedback
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a method for learning control of involuntary physiological responses by using electronic devices to monitor bodily changes and feeding this information back to a person
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chiropractic
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a science that stresses the condition of the nervous system in diagnosis and treatment of disease; often, the spine is manipulated to correct misalignment
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holistic health care
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practice of treating a person as a whole entity with physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs; it stresses comprehensive care, involvement in one's own care, and the maintenance of good health rather than the treatment of disease
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homeopathy
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a philosophy of treating disease by administering drugs in highly diluted form along with promoting healthy life habits and a healthy environment
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massage
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manipulation of the body or portion of the body to calm, relieve tension, increase circulation, and stimulate muscles
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meditation
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process of clearing the mind by concentrating on the inner self while controlling breathing and perhaps repeating a word or phrase (mantra)
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naturopathy
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a therapeutic philosophy of helping people heal themselves by developing healthy lifestyles; naturopaths may use some of the methods of conventional medicine
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osteopathy
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a system of therapy based on the theory that the body can overcome disease when it has normal structure, a favorable environment, and proper nutrition; osteopaths use standard medical practices but stress the identification and correct of faulty body structure
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aer/o
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air, gas ex) aerobic: pertaining to or requiring air (oxygen)
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bar/o
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pressure ex) barometer: instrument used to measure pressure
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chrom/o, chromat/o
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color, stain ex) chromatic: having color
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chron/o
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time ex) chronologic: arranged according to the time of occurrence
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cry/o
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cold ex) cryoprobe: instrument used to apply extreme cold
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electr/o
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electricity ex) electrolysis: decomposition of a substance by means of an electrical current
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erg/o
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work ex) synergistic: working together with increased effect, such as certain drugs in combination
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phon/o
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sound, voice ex) phonograph: instrument used to reproduce sound
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phot/o
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light ex) photoreaction: response to light
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radi/o
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radiation, x-ray ex) radiology: study and use of radiation
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son/o
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sound ex) sonogram: record obtained by use of ultrasound
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therm/o
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heat, temperature ex) hypothermia: abnormally low body temperature
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-graph, -graphy, -gram
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instrument, act, and record {recording}
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-meter, -metry
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instrument, measure {measuring}
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-scope, -scopy
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instrument, examination {examining}
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-centesis
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puncture, tap ex) thoracentesis: puncture of the chest
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-desis
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binding, fusion ex) pleurodesis: binding of the pleura
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-ectomy
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excision, surgical removal ex) hepatectomy: excision of liver tissue
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-pexy
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surgical fixation ex) hysteropexy: surgical fixation of the uterus
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-plasty
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plastic repair, surgery or reconstruction ex) rhinoplasty: plastic surgery of the nose
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-rhaphy
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surgical repair, suture ex) herniorrhaphy: surgical repair of a hernia
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-stomy
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surgical creation of an opening ex) tracheostomy: creation of an opening into the trachea
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-tome
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instrument for incising ex) microtome: instrument for cutting thin sections of tissue for microscopic study
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-tomy
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incising, cutting ex) laparotomy: surgical incision of the abdomen
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-tripsy
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crushing ex) neurotripsy: crushing of a nerve
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cineradiography
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making of a motion picture of successive images appearing on a fluoroscopic screen
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computed tomography (CT)
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use of a computer to generate an image from a large number of x-rays passed at different angles through the body; a 3-D image of a cross section of the body is obtained; reveals more about soft tissues than does simple radiography
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fluoroscopy
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use of x-ray to examine deep structures; the shadows cast by x-rays passed through the body are observed on a fluorescent screen; the device used is called a fluoroscope
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magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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production of images through the use of a magnetic field and radio waves; the characteristics of soft tissue are revealed by differences in molecular properties; eliminates the need for x-rays and contrast media
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positron emission tomography (PET)
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production of sectional body images by administration of a natural substance, such as glucose, labeled with a positron-emitting isotope; the rays subsequently emitted are interpreted by a computer to show the internal distribution of the substance administered; PET has been used to follow blood flow through an organ and to measure metabolic activity within an organ, such as the brain, under different conditions
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scintigraphy
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imaging the radioactivity distribution in tissues after internal administration of a radioactive substance (radionuclide); the images are obtained with a scintillation camera; the record produces is a scintiscan and usually specifies the part examined or the isotope used for the test, as in bone scan, gallium scan
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single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
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scintigraphic technique that permits visualization of a radioisotope's cross-sectional distribution
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ultrasonography
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generation of a visual image from the echoes of high-frequency sound waves traveling back from different tissues; also called sonography and echography
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clubbing
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enlargement of the ends of fingers and toes because of soft-tissue growth of the nails, seen in a variety of diseases, especially lung and heart diseases
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colic
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acute abdominal pain associated with smooth-muscle spasms
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cyanosis
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bluish discoloration of the skin due to lack of oxygen
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diaphoresis
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profuse sweating
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malaise
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a feeling of discomfort or uneasiness, often indicative of infection or other disease
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pallor
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paleness, lack of color
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prodrome
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a symptom indicating an approaching disease
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sequela
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lasting effect of a disease
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syncope
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a temporary loss of consciousness because of inadequate blood flow to the brain, fainting
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alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
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a fetal protein that appears in the blood of adults with certain types of cancer
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bruit
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a sound, usually abnormal, heard in auscultation
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facies
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the expression or appearance of the face
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febrile
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pertaining to a fever
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nuclear medicine
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the branch of medicine concerned with the use of radioactive substances for diagnosis, therapy, and research
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radiologist
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the branch of medicine that uses radiation, such as x-rays, in the diagnosis and treatment of disease
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radionuclide
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a substance that gives off radiation; used for diagnosis and treatment (radioisotope or radiopharmaceutical)
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speculum
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an instrument for examining a canal
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syndrome
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a group of signs and symptoms that together characterize a disease condition
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catheter
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a thin tube that can be passed into the body; used to remove fluids or introduce fluids into a body cavity
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clysis
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the introduction of fluid into the body, other than orally, as into the rectum or abdominal cavity; also refers to the solution thus used
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irrigation
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flushing of a tube, cavity, or area with a fluid
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lavage
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the washing out of a cavity, irrigation
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normal saline (NS)
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a salt solution compatible with living cells, also called physiological saline solution (PSS)
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paracentesis
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puncture of a cavity for removal of fluid
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prophylaxis
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prevention of disease
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drain
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device for allowing matter to escape from a wound or cavity; common types include Penrose (cigarette), T-tube, Jackson-Pratt (J-P), and Hemovac
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ligature
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a tie or bandage, the process of binding or tying (ligation)
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resection
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partial excision of a structure
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stapling
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in surgery, the joining of tissue by using wire staples that are pushed through the tissue and then bent
