question

If a sea slug on repeated occasions receives an electric shock just after being squirted with water, its protective withdrawal response to a squirt of water grows stronger. This best illustrates:

answer

associative learning.

question

Learning is best defined as:

answer

a relatively permanent change in the behavior of an organism due to experience.

question

John B. Watson considered himself to be a(n):

answer

behaviorist.

question

John B. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of:

answer

observable behavior.

question

Which of the following is an unconditioned response?

answer

sweating in hot weather

question

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of painful rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

answer

classical conditioning

question

Researchers condition a flatworm to contract when exposed to light by repeatedly pairing the light with electric shock. The electric shock is a(n):

answer

unconditioned stimulus.

question

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, the tone was initially a(n) ________ stimulus; after it was paired with meat, it became a(n) ________ stimulus.

answer

unconditioned; conditioned

question

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone:

answer

extinction.

question

The occurrence of spontaneous recovery suggests that during extinction:

answer

the CR is suppressed.

question

An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by:

answer

a biopsychosocial approach.

question

A person adhering to the cognitive perspective would be likely to emphasize that classical conditioning depends on:

answer

an organism's expectation that a US will follow a CS.

question

Experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that:

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for the conditioning of certain stimuli, the US need not immediately follow the CS.

question

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involves:

answer

cognitive processes.

question

Cognitive processes are:

answer

important in both classical and operant conditioning.

question

You would be most likely to use operant conditioning to teach a dog to:

answer

retrieve sticks and balls.

question

A Skinner box is a(n):

answer

chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obtain a reward.

question

The type of learning associated with Skinner is:

answer

operant conditioning.

question

Because Mr. Baron demonstrates appreciation only for very good classroom answers, his students have stopped participating in class. Mr. Baron most clearly needs to be informed of the value of:

answer

shaping.

question

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken word, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of:

answer

shaping.

question

Pet cats who learn that the sound of an electric can opener signals the arrival of their cat food illustrate:

answer

classical conditioning.

question

Children often learn to associate pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process underlying:

answer

operant conditioning.

question

John B. Watson would have expressed the greatest disapproval of attempts to scientifically study whether:

answer

academic achievement is influenced by a positive selfconcept.

question

The first experimental studies of associative learning were conducted by:

answer

Pavlov.

question

A real estate agent showed Gavin several pictures of lakeshore property while they were eating a delicious, mouth-watering meal. Later, when Gavin was given a tour of the property, he drooled with delight. For Gavin, the lakeshore property was a:

answer

CS.

question

As a child, you were playing in the yard one day when a neighbor's cat wandered over. Your mother (who has a terrible fear of animals) screamed and snatched you into her arms. Her behavior caused you to cry. You now have a fear of cats. Identify the UR.

answer

your crying

question

In Pavlov's studies of classical conditioning of a dog's salivary responses, spontaneous recovery occurred:

answer

when the CS was reintroduced following extinction of the CR and a rest period.

question

An integrated understanding of associative learning in terms of genetic predispositions, culturally learned preferences, and the predictability of certain associations is most clearly provided by:

answer

a biopsychosocial approach.

question

Rats easily learn to associate nausea-producing radiation treatments with:

answer

novel tastes.

question

Experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that:

answer

for the conditioning of certain stimuli, the US need not immediately follow the CS.

question

The predictability rather than the frequency of CS-US associations appears to be crucial for classical conditioning. This highlights the importance of ________ in conditioning.

answer

cognitive processes

question

Last evening May-ling ate her first cheeseburger and french fries at an American fast-food restaurant. A few hours later she became ill. It can be expected that:

answer

May-ling will develop an aversion to the taste of a cheeseburger and french fries.

question

Operant conditioning is to ________ as classical conditioning is to ________.

answer

Skinner; Pavlov

question

Learning associations between one's own behavior and resulting events is to ________ as learning associations between events one doesn't control is to ________.

answer

operant conditioning; classical conditioning

question

If children get attention from their parents for doing cartwheels, they will repeat the trick in anticipation of more attention. This best illustrates:

answer

operant conditioning.

question

Which of the following is an example of shaping?

answer

A parrot is rewarded first for making any sound, then for making a sound similar to "Laura," and then for "speaking" its owner's name.

question

A pigeon is consistently reinforced with food for pecking a key after seeing an image of a human face, but not reinforced for pecking after seeing other images. By signaling that a pecking response will be reinforced, the image of a human face is a(n):

answer

discriminative stimulus.

question

Conditioning is the process of:

answer

learning associations.

question

Blinking in response to a puff of air directed to your eye is a(n):

answer

UR

question

The "psychic secretions" that Pavlov initially considered an annoyance were:

answer

conditioned responses.

question

In Pavlov's original experiment with dogs, salivation to meat was the:

answer

UR

question

Experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that:

answer

for the conditioning of certain stimuli, the US need not immediately follow the CS.

question

B. F. Skinner's work elaborated what E. L. Thorndike had called:

answer

the law of effect.

question

When a conditioned stimulus is presented without an accompanying unconditioned stimulus, ________ will soon take place.

answer

extinction

question

The idea that any perceivable neutral stimulus can serve as a CS was challenged by:

answer

Garcia and Koelling's findings on taste aversion in rats.

question

In Garcia and Koelling's studies of taste-aversion learning, rats learned to associate:

answer

taste with sickness.

question

If you get violently ill a couple of hours after eating contaminated food, you will probably develop an aversion to the taste of that food but not to the sight of the restaurant where you ate or to the sound of the music you heard there. This best illustrates that associative learning is constrained by:

answer

biological predispositions.

question

Laurie's thumbsucking has become habitual because she begins to feel less anxious whenever she sucks her thumb. This best illustrates the process of:

answer

operant conditioning.

question

The study of respondent behavior is to ________ as the study of operant behavior is to ________.

answer

Pavlov; Skinner

question

Shaping is a(n) ________ technique for ________ a behavior.

answer

operant; establishing

question

In teaching her son to play basketball, Mrs. Richards initially reinforces him with praise for simply dribbling while standing still, then only for walking while dribbling, and finally only for running while dribbling. She is using a procedure known as:

answer

shaping.

question

A child's fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n):

answer

conditioned response.

question

In Aldous Huxley's Brave New World, infants develop a fear of books after books are repeatedly presented with a loud noise. In this fictional example, the loud noise is a(n):

answer

unconditioned stimulus.

question

An organism learns associations between events it doesn't control during the process of:

answer

classical conditioning.

question

A psychologist would be most likely to use ________ in order to determine whether nonverbal organisms can perceive different colors.

answer

Shaping

question

According to the text, learning involves:

answer

a change in behavior due to experience.

question

If you have frightening experience immediately after hearing a strange sound, your fear may be aroused when you hear that sound again. This best illustrates:

answer

classical conditioning.

question

A child's fear at the sight of a hypodermic needle is a(n):

answer

conditioned response.

question

Extinction occurs when a ________ is no longer paired with a ________.

answer

cs"us

question

Experiments on taste-aversion learning demonstrate that:

answer

for the conditioning of certain stimuli, the US need not immediately follow the CS.

question

Classical conditioning experiments by Rescorla and Wagner demonstrate that an important factor in conditioning is:

answer

the predictability of an association.

question

The predictability of an association between a CS and a US facilitates an organism's ability to anticipate the occurrence of the US. This fact is most likely to be highlighted by a(n) ________ perspective.

answer

behaviorist

question

Nikki has learned to expect the sound of thunder whenever she sees a flash of lightning. This suggests that associative learning involves:

answer

cognitive processes.

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