Psychology 281 Chapter 12 – Flashcards
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The scientific study of how a person's thoughts, feelings and behavior are influenced by the real, imagined or implied presence of others.
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Social Psychology
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Behavior that is influenced by what other are DOING. Cultures with high levels of individualism have lower rates of this. Women tend to conform more then men when a public response is required.
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Conformity
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Behavior that is a result of a direct request.
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Compliance
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Changing one's behavior at the command of an authority figure.
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Obedience
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In ___________, if 4 or more people were doing a behavior than the likelihood increased that the one's after would follow.
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Asch's Study on Coonformity
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A kind of thinking that occurs when people place more importance on maintaining group cohesiveness than on assessing the facts of the problem with which the group is concerned.
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Groupthink
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When groups will take more extreme positions than individuals.
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Group Polarization
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Others watching increases our behavior.
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Social Facilitation
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Others watching decreases our behavior.
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Social Impairment
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Tendency for people to put less effort into a simple task when working with others.. Making an individual responsible can decrease this.
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Social Loafing
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The key factor is arousal in ______________.
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Both Social Facilitation and Social Impairment
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Small request that turns to a larger.
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Foot-in-the-Door Compliance
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Large request we usually refuse and agree to a lesser request.
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Door-in-the-Face Compliance
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Once a commitment then cost increases.
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Lowball Compliance
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1st set of experiments 65% went to 450 volts. People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to other. Participants identified with the experimenter and larger scientific process rather that to the ordinary community. No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience.
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Milgram's Research
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The way a person feels.
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Affective Component
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The actions a person takes.
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Behavior Component
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How the person thinks.
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Cognitive Component
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A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, or situation and they are learned.
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Attitudes
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A process of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior.
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Persuasion
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If the communicator is viewed as an expert, seems trustworthy, attractive, or similar to the person receiving the message increased persuasion. Greater expertise leads to greater persuasion.
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Source
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This should be clear and well organized as well as present both sides if audience is uncommented.
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Message
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Know your audience.
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Target Audience
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Facts and content of the message.
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Central-Route Processing
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Feelings.
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Peripheral-Route Processing
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A sense of tension that occurs when a person's behavior does not correspond to his or her attitude.
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Cognitive Dissonance
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Change behavior to match the attitude. Change the thought to justify the behavior. Developing new thoughts to justify the behavior.
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Ways to Reduce Cognitive Dissonance
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Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said that the task was more interesting that did those who got $20 for the task.
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Festinger and Carlsmith Experiment
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A set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a group.
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Stereotype
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Explanations that account for one's behaviors and or the behaviors of others.
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Attribution
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We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes and our own behavior to situational causes.
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Fundamental Attribution Error
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Caused by a situation.
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Situational Attribution
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Internal personality characteristics are seen as the cause.
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Dispositional Cause
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Attitude.
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Prejudice
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Behavior
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Discrimination
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The group one identifies with.
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In-group
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The group competitors, enemies, others.
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Out-group
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The process of making people in an out-group responsible for the problems. Usually the group of people with the least power.
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Scapegoating
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Individuals view their own group favorably so as to think of themselves more favorably. Part of a person's self-concept is based on identification with nation, culture, ethnic group, gender or other roles in society.
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Social Identity Theory
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The tendency of ones' expectations to affect one's behavior in such a way as to make the expectations more likely to occur.
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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
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Increasing prejudice and discrimination are closely tied to an increasing degree of conflict between the in-group when those groups are seeking a common resource, such as land, or available jobs.
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Realistic Conflict Theory
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(work or live close) positively correlated.
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Proximity
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People tend to like being around others who are similar to them.
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Similarity
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Complementary characteristics.
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Opposites Attract
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If someones likes me, I like them.
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Reciprocity of Liking
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. Parts of the brain relate to Aggression
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Amygdale and Limbic System
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Hormone relate to Agression
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Testosterone
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This acts to release inhibitions.
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Alcohol
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A type of behavior expected from certain individuals.
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Social Role
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________ correlate with increased aggression levels of the children who play them, but a correlation does NOT PROVE causation they have not proven that these cause increased aggression.
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Violent video games
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Male college students agreed to participate in a two-week experiment to discover what would happen when they took on the roles of prisoners and guards. The guards became more aggressive. The experiment was cancelled after 5 days because it was getting out of control. Abu Gharib prison guards showed similar behavior.
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Zimbardo's Prison Study
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Victim of a brutal assault 38 people observed and 0 called 911.
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"Kitty" Genovese Case
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When there are other potential helpers people are less inclined to help.
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Bystander Effect
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The more people, the less responsibility each individual feels.
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Diffusion Responsibility
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People are more inclined to help if the are in a _________.
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Good Mood
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The ________ people observing, the more help one receives.
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Fewer
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Helping someone in trouble with no expectation of reward and often without fear for one's own safety.
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Altruism
