Chapter 3 – 253 Midterm 3 – Flashcards
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motivation is
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the direction and intensity of effort
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3 approaches to motivation
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1. trait-centred view 2. situation-centred view 3. interactional view
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describe the train-centred view of motivation -disadvantage
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motivation is mainly due to a persons characteristics (personality, needs, and goals) -environment not considered
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describe the situational-centred view
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motivation is mainly due to a situation
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describe the interactional view
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motivation is due to both the situation and the person's personality, needs and goals
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sorrentino and Shepard - swimmers individual vs. relay found that
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-approval-oreinted swimmers swam faster in relay -rejection threatened swimmers swam faster alone than in the relay
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why do kids participate
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because its fun and challenging
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why do adults participate
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for health reasons, leadership style and exercise program
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male college vs female college kids are intrinsic or extrinsically motivated
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male = intrinsic female = extrinsic
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what is the self-determination theory
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people need to satisfy 3 needs - competence, autonomy and connectedness
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female vs male middle schoolers why they participate
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boys= competition girls= social aspect
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US vs Karen motivation differences
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US are more intrinsically motivated (competition)
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US vs Chinese vs Chinese American motivation differences
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US - competitive Chinese - social affiliation and wellness Chinese amor- travel, fun, and equip. use
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3 guidlines to improving awareness why people participate
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1. observe 2. informally talk 3. directly ask
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sport vs exercise types of motivation
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sport - intrinsic exercise - extrinsic
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2 motives that influence participation and performance
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1. achievement motivation 2. competitiveness
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what type of motive is connected to self evaluation
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achievement motivation
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describe achievement motivation
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a persons efforts to master a task, achieve excellence and overcome obstacles
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what motive is related to social evaluation and sport
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competitiveness
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what is " a disposition to strive for satisfaction when making comparisons with some standard of excellence in the presence of evaluating others
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competitiveness
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what theory is described as an interactional view that considers both personal and situation factors that impact predictions of behaviour and motivation
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need achievement theory
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what are the 4 components of the need achievement theory
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1. personality factors 2. situational factors 3. resultant tendencies 4. emotional reactions
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what are the two parts of the personality factor of the need achievement theory
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-achieve success and avoid failure
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what are the two parts of the situational factors
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-probably of success and incentive value of success
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low achievers are known as having
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high motivation to avoid failure and low motivation to achieve success -prefer challenging task that are either too hard they will fail or so easy they know they will succeed
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high achievers are known as having
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high motivation to achieve success and low motivation to avoid failure - perform better in evaluative situations
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resultant tendencies element of the need achievement theory is
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-considers an individuals achievement motivation is relation to situational factors
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emotional reactions element of the need achievement theory
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either pride or shame is experienced
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what theory explains their success or failures
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attribution theory
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3 elements of the attribution theory and expand
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-stability - success or failure is stable or unstable -locus of causality - external or internal (pride or shame) -locus of control - is controlled or un (motivation)
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external or internal factors are related to
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emotional pride or shame
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stability is related to
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success
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control is related to
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motivation
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what are attributions
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reasons performers perceive success or failure
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how people explain their performance affects their ___ and ___ which influence their future achievement motivation
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expectations and emotional reactions
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what are the 3 factors to the Achievement goal theory
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1. achievement goals 2. perceived ability 3. achievement behaviour
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outcome-goal orientation
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focus on comparing oneself to others and defeating them
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task-goal orientation
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focus on comparing one self to own past experiences
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when someone perceives they have more control they become more
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motivated
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social-goal orientation
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judge competence in terms of affiliation and being liked others
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3 ways to judge competence
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1. outcome-goal orientation 2. task-goal orientation 3.social-goal orientation
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entity view
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outcome-goal focus - ability is fixed and can't be changed through effort
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incremental focus
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task-goal focus - ability can be changed through hard work and effort
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approach vs. avoidance achievement goals
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more focus on approach goals - which focus on achieving competence not avoiding incompetence
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Competence Motivation theory
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people are motivated to feel competence - peoples feelings of control affect feelings of competence which then influences motivation
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youth soccer players and coaches (Wong and Bridges 1995) found that trait anxiety and coaching behaviours predicted
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competence and control which also predicted motivation levels
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perceptions of competence and control are determinants of
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achievement
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what are the 3 stage of achievement motivation and comptiveness
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1. autonomous competence stage 2. social compassion stage 3. integrated stage
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autonomous competence stage
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less than 4 - when you are concerned only on mastery and self-testing
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social compassion stage
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at 5 years - when you are concerned about comparing performance with others
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integrated stage
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no typical age - knowing when to compare with others and when to be concerned only about mastery and self-testing
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study - people who receive more task-oriented feedback had more motivational climate to be more
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task oriented (mastery)
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when someone is in a mastery task climate they are more focused on than outcome-motivational climates
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effort and challenging tasks
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replace lack of ability attributions with
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lack of effort attributions
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how to scholarships affect intersect motivation
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decrease
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do democratic or autocratic coaches have better intrinsic motivation
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democratic
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rec. or competitive environments have better intrinsic motivation
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recreational
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if you want to increase intrinsic motivation the key is making rewards more
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informational
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3 factors that help attain flow state
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optimal arousal confidence focused attention
