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Agriculture (Neolithic revolution)

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The use of planting crops to survive instead of hunting and gathering. It is important because it usually allowed people to urbanize but not always. Emerged in Neolithic revolution (11000 BC)and was used by the Ubaid people in Mesopotamia.

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Amun Ra (EC)

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King of the gods who controls creation. Was important figure in the capital of Thebes in the Old and New kingdom. Recognized in 1550 BC.

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Akhenaten

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Revolutionary pharaoh in 14th century BC who moved the capital to a new city named after him and made a new monotheistic religion for Aten. His work was not carried on after death.

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Aten

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A hieroglyph for the suns rays that was glorified during Akhenaten's reign in 1350 BC.

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Akkad (EC)

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The capital of the Akkadian Empire founded by Sargon in 2300 BC. In the near east.

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Akkadian Empire

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First Empire founded in civilization by Sargon that merged the Sumerians and Akkadians as well as their gods in Mesopotamia. 2300-2100 BC

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Amarna letters

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Letters between Egypt in the New Kingdom and other nations that proved diplomacy between the kings in 1350-1300 BC.

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Aramaic (EC)

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Family of semitic languages that gave rise to arabic and Hebrew. Emerged as an alphabetized in 1000 BC after the fall of the great powers.

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Assurbanipal

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Last strong warrior king of the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Known for building a big library in Nineveh. 7th century

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Assyrian Empire

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regarded as the evil empire, it emerged from Assur and was focused on conquest during two periods of expansion. Founded by tigrith peleser 3 in 700 BC and it fell due to internal problems.

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Babylonian Empire (EC)

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After the fall of the Akkadian Empire, this city state in Mesopotamia expanded under Hammurabi. Was taken over by the Assyrians . 1700 BC

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Battle of the marathon

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Battle between hoplites of Athens and the Persian king Darius in Greece. Was won without Sparta and greatly boosted self esteem. 490 BC

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Battle of Kadesh (EC)

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Battle between Egyptian empire under Ramesses 2 and the Hittite Empire. It is the earliest battle in recorded history thanks to the writing of the treaty. 1274 BC.

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Battle of Thermopylae (extra credit)

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Second battle between the Greeks and Persians after Darius lost. A temporary alliance led by Spartan general was created to fight. 480 BC

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Book of the Dead

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Important funerary text that defined the afterlife. emerged in middle kingdom around 2000 BC.

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Broad Spectrum Gathering

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The gathering of a large diversity of animals by settling in hot spots. Practiced after the Ice Age in 10000BC

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Bronze Age

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New types of writing the near East and Egypt, early emerging civilizations, and bronze tools. 3000-1000 BC

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Cleisthenes

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Elected archon after helping overthrow the oligarchy in Athens. Strengthened the Athenian assembly while weakening the aristocrats to help the demos. Also created ostracism(exiling someone each year) to stop tyrants. 6th century

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Cuneiform

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First system of writing that was created by the Sumerians in 3200 BC. Used a stylus made of reed on clay tablets to make symbols that represented both literal and figurative concepts.

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Cyrus the Great

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Ruler who expanded the Persian empire to take over all of the near East including the Chaldeans. His tolerant policies were a model for future leaders over those he conquered. 6th century

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Darius statue

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A staue made for Darius the Great to show his supremacy as king of persian Empire as well as the pharaoh of Egypt. 5th century

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Debt Slavery

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A practice where the people who fell into debt were required to do forced labor or suffer consequences. Was banished in Athens by Solon in 7th century

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Delian League

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A temporary alliance between the Greek city states to fight against Persian conquest. Athens gained power as they were the leader causing conflict. Formed in 477-404 BC. 5th century

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Delphi

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An important greek city that held the oracle of Apollo whose judgement dictated many decisions like Croesus in the ancient world. Many came with offerings to the oracle and it was a place where sporting events were held. Dedicated to apollo in 9th century.

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Democracy= rule of the people

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Type of government where the common people rule instead of the aristocracy or monarch. Started by Cleisthenes in an attempt to let the demos have a direct say in the government in Athens. Voting was also in Sparta but was limited to age 30 and up. emerged in 6th century.

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Exodus

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A religious book that describes the story of how Moses led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt. Presents the definitive identity of Israel and of Moses himself, much like the Story of Sinuhe. Also shows the supremacy of Yahweh and the importance of monotheism. story occurred around 15th century.

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Fertile Crescent

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Fertile lands of prosperity around the Tigris and the Euphrates, the Nile Delta, and the Levant with the Phoenicians. Important for civilization advancements made here.

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First Intermediate period

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A dark Age after the old Kingdom where there is little archaeological evidence except for the conflict between bureaucrats and the king. Dominance of king replaced by democratic culture and economic development. 2200- 2000 BC.

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Habiru

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A nomadic people referenced to in the Amarna Letters who were pastoralists and tried to conquer a lot of the kingdoms in the Fertile Crescent. 1800-1100 BC

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Helots

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Spartan farmers and domestic servants ties to the land who were subjugated and usually kept in fear in Sparta so they would not retaliate. They were not free men, but were not slaves either. 8th century BC

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Hesiod

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A greek poet who lived around the same time as Homer. Lived in archaic Greece and create literature that founded the Greek customs and mythology. Wrote Theogony 700 BC

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Homer

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The first epic poet who wrote the Illiad and the Odyssey establishing Greek history and mythology 800 BC.

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Hoplite

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Citizen soldiers of the Greek city states who proved to be effective with their phalanx formation when they defeated the Persians twice. Was formed in in the seventh century and the name comes from the type of shield they use.

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Horticulture

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the use of small scale cultivation to plant a variety of crops instead o single crop agriculture. Was always a result of sedentarization, but not all horticulturists were senentary. Emerged with agriculture in 11000 BC.

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Hyskos

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First people to ever invade Egypt that had a foreign culture. Hekaur=ruler, Khesut=foreign. 1600 and they started the second intermediary period.

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Iron Age

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comes in 1200 BC after the Bronze Age because copper became rare. Used by the sea people and pastoralists.

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Judah

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An Iron Age kingdom of the South Levant, the companion of Israel. Was formed after the death of Solomon and by 800 BC, Jerusalem was a famous center. Not much evidence about kingdoms.

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Khufu Pyramid

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(Cheops) Built in the Old Kingdom of Dynasty 4 to serve as a funeral site for Pharaoh Khufu who called himself the Son of Ra. Made of white casing stone in 26th century.

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Minoans

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Aegean civilization that was run by the legendary King Minos who created a thalassocracy (sea empire) that made wealth through tree with the Hittites and Middle kingdom. located in Crete.2000 BC

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Monolatry

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The exclusive worship of one god while acknowledging the presence of others. Was seen with Akhenaten's rule and the Israelites in Exodus. 14th century and 15th.

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Mycenaens

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A group of citadels that became united and powerful enough in the Bronze Age. Rulers has gigantic city states on the Greek terrain and they are envisioned in many ways by their children the Greeks. 1600-1200 BC

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Narmer palette

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A tablet with some of the earliest hieroglyphics ever found from the Pre dynasties era around the 31st century. Depicts Narmer uniting Upper and Lower Egypt

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New Kingdom

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Marked the peak of Egyptian rule and Expansion with pharaohs like Akenaten, Ramesses II, Nefertiti, and hatshepsut. Dynasty 18- 20. 1560-1000

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Neo-Babylonian Empire

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The second babylonian,600 BC, empire or the Chaldean empire that took over while Assyria was in civil war. Babylon becomes famous in this period with the hanging gardens and great wealth. Held the Jews captive.Conquered by Cyrus the Great in 500 BC

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Old Kingdom

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Dyansties 3-6. A 500 year period of powerful pharaohs like Khufu with the capital at Memphis. Nomarchs were governing over certain portion and ended this age when they rebelled. 2600-2100 BC.

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Ostraracism

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temoporary banishment from a city by popular vote each year in Athen. Enacted by Cleisthenes to give more power to the demos in 6th century BC.

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Otzi

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The oldest human being natural mummy ever found from 3000 BC, shows first sign of civilization.

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Peleset=phillistines

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group of people who are the bad guys in the Bible since they struggled with Israel over land, battling the likes of David and Saul. 13th century in the Levant. Were the sea people. Are driven out by David in 1000

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Peloponnesian War

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War between the Empire of Athens who gained power after the Persian War and the Spartans and their allies. Result of mistrust when they were allies but the Spartans prevailed and created an oligarchy rule. 5th century

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Pericles

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Athenian ruler who turn the Delian League into an Athenian empire. He expanded citizenship in the democracy greatly and led the first two years of the wars. 5th century BC

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Phalanx

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An effective rectangular mass military formation the Greeks used with a aspis, spear, and sword. Moved together as one unit and defeated Persians. founded 600 BC

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Phoenicia/writing

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Named by the Greeks, this is located on the Levant and are very rich. Consist of Byblos, Tyre, Sidon, and Arwad city-states. They created the first alphabet that the Greeks utilized.1200-800 BC. 800bc is when the alphabet is adopted.

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Polis

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The Greek city-states during the Archaic period that were ruled mostly by the aristocracy. 9th century BC

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Rosetta Stone

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A rock stele with a degree on it from Ptolemy that is written in three languages. The presence of the Greek language became the key for Champollion to translate Egyptian hieroglyphics. 196BC

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Sargon of Akkad

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First ruler of the Akkadian Empire who united the Sumerian city-states and mixed the cultures of Akkadian and Sumeria. 24th-23rd centuries.

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Sea People

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A group of naval invader that invaded Egypt around 13 century BC when they brought on the third intermediate period.

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sedentarization

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The settling down of the early people into villages that would mark the start of agriculture and civilization. first occurred in 7000 Bc.

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slave society

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Debt slavery that was a result of loans and poverty. Was practiced in Ancient Egypt and Athens but was repealed by Solon. Anyone could become a greek slave, like the Spartan helots.

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Solomon 900 BC

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Son of King David known for building a temple and being the wisest man.10th century

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Sumer

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First group of city states in Southern Mesopotamia. First settles by the Ubaids in 3500 BC .

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Tomb of Tutankhamun

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Tomb of the son of Akhenaten the boy king whose discovery showed the extent of the wealth of funerary practices for the Ancient Egyptians. died in 14 century

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tyrannous,tyrannia

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short term reigns that never lasted more than two generations in Greece. Took power by force usually but they still enfranchised the hoplites in greece. 800 BC

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Uluburun

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An old and wealthy shipwreck that had lots of trade goods in 1300 BC that carried copper and other bronze tools.

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Ur III

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Last sumerian dynasty located in the city of Ur after the Akkadians were gone.known for recording its business deals and eventually the writings told a lot about it. 2100-2000

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Uruk

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First known ancient sumerian city state that grew fast as a religious center. Used pictograms and cuneiform to record business ransactions.3500-2800

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