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Guiding nursing practice Developing survey instruments Developing nursing theory

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Which are uses of qualitative research methods? (Select all that apply.) Guiding nursing practice Studying effects of nursing care on outcome variables Developing survey instruments Developing nursing theory

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Auditability Fittingness

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Scientific criteria appropriate for qualitative research include what? (Select all that apply.) Auditability Credibility Fittingness Reliability

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Code and retrieve data Connect themes and categories Incorporate graphics into reports

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What can computer programs do for qualitative researchers? (Select all that apply.) Code and retrieve data Connect themes and categories Incorporate graphics into reports Analyze data

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Because the study emerges over time, the researcher may not anticipate and inform the participants of a potential threat. Because the researcher and participant interact over a period of time, relationships developed between them may change the focus of the interaction.

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Which are ethical concerns for qualitative researchers? (Select all that apply.) Because the study emerges over time, the researcher may not anticipate and inform the participants of a potential threat. To maintain a naturalistic environment for interviews, formal documents such as consent forms are not used. Because there are so few participants in a qualitative study, no participant can opt out of the study. Because the researcher and participant interact over a period of time, relationships developed between them may change the focus of the interaction.

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Phenomenological method

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Which research method can be used for the purpose of understanding and constructing the meaning of human experience? Phenomenological method Grounded-theory method Ethnographic method Case study method

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Case study method

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What is the research method that should be used to study the peculiarities and commonalities of a specific type of patient? Phenomenological method Grounded-theory method Ethnographic method Case study method

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The lived experience

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The nurse researcher is weighing the strengths and weaknesses of the phenomenological method. The nurse recognizes that the phenomenological method is what? Cultural groups or systems Construction of a theory The lived experience Understanding the past

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To set the beliefs aside while collecting data

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The nurse researcher has chosen to bracket his or her beliefs. This means that the researcher plans to do what? To attempt to understand the beliefs while collecting data To analyze the beliefs for congruence with the research method To categorize the beliefs according to abstraction To set the beliefs aside while collecting data

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When ideas that are surfacing have been heard in other interviews

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The phenomenological researcher knows to stop interviewing participants at which point? When there is sufficient information to create themes When ideas that are surfacing have been heard in other interviews When subjects verify the accuracy of the data collected When subjects have all been interviewed more than on

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It is an inductive approach.

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The nurse researcher is reviewing the advantages of the grounded-theory method. The nurse recognizes that which statement is true regarding the grounded-theory method? It collects data using an etic perspective. It is a process of constructing human experience. It may use secondary sources. It is an inductive approach.

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Constant-comparative method

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The nurse researcher has chosen to code and cluster data for categories using the grounded-theory method. The researcher is using what? Theoretical sampling Constant-comparative method Emic method Metasynthesis

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It yields a better understanding of each case.

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What is a characteristic of an intrinsic case study? It yields a better understanding of each case. It provides a foundation to challenge a generalization. It does not include quantitative data. It can scrutinize only uncomplicated phenomena.

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Emergent nature of design

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The nurse researcher is concerned about the ethics of failing to inform study participants of all possible threats before they choose to participate. This characteristic is usually known as what? Naturalistic setting Emergent nature of design Researcher-participant interaction Researcher as instrument

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Community-based participatory method

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A nurse studies the problem of teenage pregnancy in the local community with the goal of preventing unwanted teenage pregnancy in the future. Which research method would be most appropriate for this study? Historical research method Case-study method Community-based participatory method Ethnographic method

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To acknowledge personal biases

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What would be a serious ethical obligation for a qualitative researcher? To test the reliability and validity of interview instruments To acknowledge personal biases To avoid becoming a therapist To maintain the anonymity of the participant

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t synthesizes critical masses of qualitative findings

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The nurse researcher opts to use metasynthesis for which reason? It is useful for triangulating research. It synthesizes critical masses of qualitative findings. It is not frequently used on historical or case study findings. It leads to a higher reliability of research findings.

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Faithfulness to everyday reality of the participant

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The nurse researcher is concerned about the "fittingness" of a research study. The researcher recognizes that this term is concerned with what? Truth of findings as judged by the participants The appropriateness of the interview questions posed Faithfulness to everyday reality of the participants The adequacy of the coding system used

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Naturalistic setting

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The nurse researcher is planning on using participant observation as the major method of gathering data in the study. The researcher is concerned about the ethics of not having consent forms signed in such cases. Such a characteristic of qualitative research is known as what? Naturalistic setting Emergent nature of design Researcher-participant interaction Researcher as instrument

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Participant observation

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The qualitative nurse researcher who is concerned about the ethics of a naturalistic setting being used most likely is using what type of technique for data gathering in the study? Electronic survey Review of historical records Participant observation Case study

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A theme is a label. Themes describe large quantities of data in a condensed format.

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Which of the following best describe the term themes? (Select all that apply.) A theme is a label. Themes must be determined before data analysis. Themes describe large quantities of data in a condensed format. Themes predict relationships among variables.

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To understand phenomena To explain phenomena

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Which of the following are aims of qualitative research? (Select all that apply.) To understand phenomena To predict phenomena To control phenomena To explain phenomena

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To confirm the applicability of clinical strategies To develop interventions and then test those selected To build theory

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3. How can qualitative outcome analysis be used? (Select all that apply.) To determine the reliability of intervention outcomes in a study To confirm the applicability of clinical strategies To develop interventions and then test those selected To build theory

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Credibility Auditability

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4. What is included in the measure of rigor in qualitative research? (Select all that apply.) Credibility Reliability Auditability Fittingness

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The cancer patient was fearful of dying before her children reached adulthood

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Which of the following is an emic view of a phenomenon? The researcher was surprised by the degree of emotion being expressed. The cancer patient was fearful of dying before her children reached adulthood. Many people responded to the survey. Data analysis revealed seven categories of the construct "hope."

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To demonstrate trustworthiness

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Why is it essential to include quotes in the report of a qualitative research study? To demonstrate trustworthiness Engage the reader Allow other researchers to replicate the study Give credit to the participants

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To migrating populations

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f a qualitative researcher studies the meaning of health to migrant farm worker women, how could these findings be applied? To participants of the study To poor and disenfranchised women To migrating populations To migrant farm worker women

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V

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Qualitative outcome analysis yields evidence at what level? I III V VII

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They are grounded in human experience.

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Why are instruments that were developed using qualitative research useful? They tend to be more reliable tools. They are grounded in human experience. They are already directly linked to nursing practice. They are created using the language of the target population.

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A process of asking participants to review the data as they are reported

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What is member checking? A way to obtain auditability A constant comparative method of data analysis A process of asking participants to review the data as they are reported The method of leaving an audit trail

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Auditability

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The researcher should include enough information in the report to allow the reader to understand how the raw data lead to the interpretation. What does this demonstrate? Credibility Reliability Auditability Fittingness

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Fittingness

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The researcher provides enough detail in a qualitative research report for the reader to evaluate the relevance of the data to nursing practice. What is the researcher demonstrating? Credibility Reliability Auditability Fittingness

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By development of the audit trail

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n qualitative research, how is confirmability established? By development of the audit trail By the logical development of ideas Through the constant comparative method By the transferability of the data

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Do the participants recognize the experience as their own?

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5. Which question is helpful in determining the study's credibility? Do the participants recognize the experience as their own? What strategies were used to analyze the data? How were human subjects protected? Are the findings applicable outside the study situation?

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Is the design pragmatic for the setting or sample?

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Which critiquing criterion would be applicable to both experimental and quasi-experimental designs? Are all threats to study validity, including mortality, addressed in the report? How are randomization, control, and manipulation applied? Is the design pragmatic for the setting or sample? What are the most common threats to the study validity of the findings of this design?

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Are all threats to study validity, including mortality, addressed in the report?

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Which critiquing criterion would be applicable to an experimental design? Are all threats to study validity, including mortality, addressed in the report? Is there a description of power analysis? Is the design pragmatic for the setting or sample? What are the most common threats to the study validity of the findings of this design?

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What are the most common threats to the study validity of the findings of this design?

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Which critiquing criterion would be applicable to a quasi-experimental design? Are all threats to study validity, including mortality, addressed in the report? Is there a description of power analysis? Is the design pragmatic for the setting or sample? What are the most common threats to the study validity of the findings of this design?

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Are the findings generalizable to the larger population of interest?

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Which critiquing criterion would be applicable to an experimental design? What are the plausible alternative explanations, and have they been addressed? Are the findings generalizable to the larger population of interest? Is the design pragmatic for the setting or sample? What does the author say about the limitations of the study?

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How are randomization, control, and manipulation applied?

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The nurse researcher needs to critique an experimental research design. Which criterion would be most appropriate? Is there a description of what the intervention group vs. control group received and what are the differences? How are randomization, control, and manipulation applied? Is there a detailed description of the intervention? Are the author's explanations of threats to study validity acceptable?

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Are the author's explanations of threats to study validity acceptable?

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The nurse researcher needs to critique a quasi-experimental research design. Which criterion would be most appropriate? Is there a description of what the intervention group vs. control group received and what the differences are? How are randomization, control, and manipulation applied? Is there a detailed description of the intervention? Are the author's explanations of threats to study validity acceptable?

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Are the results meaningful to individuals not involved in the research? Does the researcher document the research process?

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When critiquing a qualitative study, which of the following questions are helpful in determining the study's auditability? (Select all that apply.) Has adequate time been allowed to understand the phenomenon fully? Can the reader follow the researcher's thinking? Are the results meaningful to individuals not involved in the research? Does the researcher document the research process?

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Experimental

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What type of research design would apply to an after-only design? Experimental Nonexperimental Quasiexperimental Both experimental and quasiexperimental

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Quasi-experimental

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What type of research design would apply to a time series design? Experimental Nonexperimental Quasi-experimental Both experimental and quasi-experimental

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Quasi-experimental

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What type of research design would apply to a nonequivalent control group design? Experimental Nonexperimental Quasi-experimental Both experimental and quasi-experimental

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Experimental

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What type of research design would apply to a Solomon four-group design? Experimental Nonexperimental Quasi-experimental Both experimental and quasi-experimental

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Is there a description of what the intervention group vs. control group received, and what are the differences? Is there a detailed description of the intervention?

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The nurse researcher needs to critique both experimental and quasi-experimental research designs. Which criterion would be most appropriate? (Select all that apply). Is there a description of what the intervention group vs. control group received, and what are the differences? How are randomization, control, and manipulation applied? Is there a detailed description of the intervention? Are the author's explanations of threats to study validity acceptable?

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Cultural understandings and beliefs of study participants The physical setting of the study

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Which of the following could be considered the "context" of a study? (Select all that apply.)

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Qualitative research takes place in naturalistic settings. Open-ended survey questions are one method of gathering data for qualitative research.

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Which of the following are expressed accurately about qualitative research? (Select all that apply.)

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here are multiple realities. he participant (subject) is an active part of the study.

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Which beliefs guide the constructivist paradigm

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Different views of the same concept can lead to a more complete understanding. The strength and consistency of evidence collected are improved

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Why is triangulation valuable to nursing research? (Select all that apply.)

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Subjectivism is valued. Time and place are important.

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Which of the following are consistent with the constructivist paradigm

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Nurses have more information with which to make patient care decisions

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Why is knowledge gained from science valuable to nursing practice?

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Constructivism

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Which paradigm provides the basis for qualitative research?

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Empirical analytical research at one end and naturalistic research at the other.

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Which statement describes how research approaches fall along a continuum?

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The study of what is real and what exists

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What is the definition of ontology?

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The goals of the research study

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What are the "aims of inquiry"?

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All research, both quantitative and qualitative, is based on paradigm

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Which of the following statements is true regarding paradigms?

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Quantitative

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Which type of research study can be affected by detracting values of the researcher?

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Quantitative research C

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Which type of research allows researchers to be neutral observers?

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To generate a theory from data

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What is the purpose of grounded theory?

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Saturatio

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In research conducted using grounded theory, what signals the collection of an adequate amount of data?

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The collection of detailed information about a case from several sources

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What is the definition of case study research?

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Positivism

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What is the philosophy underlying quantitative research?

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The research method that best meets intended purpose of the study should be used.

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Why is it important to understand the philosophy underlying each type of research?

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Phenomenology

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Which type of research explores the meaning of an experience?

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re the informants who were chosen appropriate to inform the research?

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ID: 35891934 Which question will critique the sampling of a research project?

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Actualization

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Which conceptual analysis point of the framework for rigor used for interpretive phenomenology refers to how the study findings will continue to have meaning for the reader?

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What is the projected significance of the work to nursing?

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.ID: 35891952 Which question will critique the purpose of a research project?

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What are the philosophic underpinnings of the research method?

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Which question will critique the statement of the phenomenon of interest of a research project?

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Is the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study?

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Which question will critique the method of a research project?

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Does the researcher document the research process?

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Which question will critique the auditability of a research project?

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Has adequate time been allowed to understand fully the phenomenon?

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Which question will critique the credibility of a research project?

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s the strategy used for analysis compatible with the purpose of the study

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hich question will critique the fittingness of a research project?

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