question

assimilation

answer

interpreting new information with the context of existing schemas

question

accommodation

answer

adjusting or changing one's schema's to account for new information

question

object permanence

answer

awareness that things continue to exist even though they are not perceived; develops at 6-8 months of age

question

sensorimotor

answer

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from birth to 2) during which infants know the world mostly in terms of their impressions and motor activities

question

preoperational

answer

in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6/7) during which a child learns to communicate using symbols (language) but does not demonstrate mental operations of concrete logic.

question

egocentrism

answer

the inability of preoperational children to take the perspective of another

question

social development theory

answer

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development which emphasized the importance of other people (more knowledge others) in our mental growth

question

stranger anxiety

answer

fear of people other than those with whom the infant is familiar; appears around 8 months and peaks at 13 months

question

attachment

answer

an emotional tie with another person; shown in infants by their seeking closeness with caregivers and displaying distress upon separation

question

critical period

answer

time frame during which exposure to a particular stimulus must take place in order for proper development to occur

question

imprinting

answer

rigid, inflexible attachments demonstrated by some animal species (e.g. ducks, sheep)

question

secure attachment

answer

demonstrated when infants seem to view their caregiver as a "secure base" for exploration, seeking closeness to him/her and being upset at separation.

question

strange situation

answer

test developed by Mary Ainsworth to assess attachment style in infants

question

anxious attachment

answer

demonstrated by babies who seem constantly afraid of potential separation from the caregiver; they cling to caregivers in strange settings and display intense distress upon separation

question

avoidant attachment

answer

demonstrated by babies who seem to avoid contact and closeness with caregivers

question

basic trust

answer

in Erikson's model, this attitude develops as a result of secure attachment; babies come to view the world as safe & predictable and believe that others will reliably meet their needs

question

authoritarian

answer

parenting style (in Baumrind's model)characterized by high levels of demandingness and low warmth; they impose rules and expect obedience

question

authoritative

answer

parenting style (in Baumrind's model) characterized by high demandingness and high warmth; these parents explain reasons for rules and are open to negotiation (with older children)

question

permissive

answer

parenting style (in Baumrind's model) characterized by low demandingness and high warmth; they submit to their children's desires, make few rules, and use little punishment

question

Maturation

answer

Biological based changes that follow an orderly sequence, each step setting the stage for the next step according to an age related timetable

question

Nature

answer

genetically programmed maturation

question

Nurture

answer

maturation between learning and experience

question

Critical periods

answer

Periods in time that are critical to specific types of learning that then modify future development

question

Sensitive periods

answer

Particularly important time frames for given forms of development

question

Stages

answer

Relatively discrete steps through which everyone progresses in the same sequence

question

Attachment

answer

A desire for proximity to an attachment figure (parent). Includes a sense of security from the person's presence. Feelings of distress when person is absent

question

schemas

answer

An organized, repeatedly exercised pattern of thought or behavior ex: police officer in uniform

question

assimilation

answer

Interpreting actions or events in terms of one's present schema ex: police officer controls the scene

question

accommodation

answer

Modification of schemas to fit reality

question

Sensorimotor stage

answer

Infants who think with their eyes and hands

question

Preoperational stage

answer

Emergence of symbolic thought and thus imagine solutions to problems

question

Concrete operational stage

answer

Ability to manipulate representations of concrete objects in ways that are reversible

question

Formal operational stage

answer

Ability to manipulate abstract and concrete representations & able to reason about formal propositions

question

Intermodal processing

answer

ability to form relationships between sights and sounds

question

Continuity

answer

researchers who see development as a function of experience tend to see development as continuous and gradual. Nurture is continuous

question

Stages

answer

Research who focus on biological maturation see spurts of growth and other changes that make one stage of development very different from another. Nature has stages

question

Conception

answer

Sperm and egg unite to bring genetic material together and from one organism.

question

Zygote Stage

answer

first 10 to 14 days. Cells begin to differentiate into specialized locations and structures

question

Implantation/embryo stage

answer

2-8 weeks. stage begins w/multicellular cluster that implants in the uterine wall. Differentiated cells develop into organs and bones

question

Fetus

answer

9 wks hands and face have developed. by four months many other features have developed and at 6 mo it might be able to survive outside of the womb. Can respond to sounds, and learn to recognize and adapt to sounds that they had previously only heard in the womb.

question

Teratogens

answer

"monster makers" substances such as viruses and chemicals that can damage the developing embryo/fetus

question

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

answer

refers to cognitive, behavioral, and body/brain structure abnormalties cause by exposure to alcohol in the fetal stage.

question

Reflexes

answer

responses that are inborn and do not have to be learned. Newborns have reflexes to ensure that they will be fed, such as crying when hungry to motivate parents to end noise

question

Rooting reflex

answer

when something touches a newborn's cheek, infant turns toward that side w/an open mouth

question

Sucking Reflex

answer

can be triggered by a fingertip, will suck on anything you put in their mouth

question

Stability and Change

answer

temperament seems stable, and personality seems to stabilize with age. Traits can vary, especially attitudes, coping strategies, work habits, and styles of socializing. Stability helps us form identity, while the potential for change gives us control over our lives

question

The conclusion of many researchers regarding the "_____ vs. change" developmental issue is that both are important.

answer

stability

question

Dr. Cole's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Cole is a _____ psychologist.

answer

developmental

question

Biological maturation is best reflected in which of the following?

answer

stages

question

When an infant gazes more intently at a new stimulus, researchers conclude that the infant recognizes that stimulus as different. It follows that the infant has:

answer

remembered the original stimulus, making the new stimulus seem different.

question

A developmental psychologist studies the responses of a newborn. She puts her finger in the baby's fist. The baby grasps it. Then she strokes the baby's palm and the baby puts his fist in his mouth and sucks. The psychologist is testing the baby's _____ instincts

answer

survival

question

Which of the following provides evidence IN FAVOR of the idea that our development is mostly continuous?

answer

Adult life does not seem to progress through the fixed, predictable series of steps that Erik Erikson envisioned.

question

You just found out that your sister conceived about seven days ago. You rush to find a book on pregnancy so that you can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?

answer

The cells of the zygote are beginning to differentiate.

question

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of:

answer

continuity or stage development.

question

Twenty-five-year-old Jonah is wondering whether his rate of sperm cell production is within normal range. For a man his age, his doctor will likely tell him that the average rate of production is:

answer

about 1,000 per second.

question

Concerning the stability and change developmental issue, our temperament is more predictable than our social _____.

answer

growth

question

Which of the following provides evidence AGAINST the idea that our development is mostly continuous?

answer

Our brain goes through growth spurts that correspond roughly with Jean Piaget's stages.

question

embryo

answer

2 weeks through 8 weeks, attaches to the mother's uterine wall, organs being to form and function, heart begins to beat; liver begins to make red blood cells, head arms and legs are clearly noticeable

question

placenta

answer

A structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother's blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes.

question

umbilical cord

answer

Connects the vasculature of the fetus to the placenta.

question

amnion

answer

Inner sac in which the developing child rests

question

teratogens

answer

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm, Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

question

sensitive periods

answer

8-16 weeks , Biologically determined time periods when specific skills develop most easily

question

principle of dose-response

answer

the more exposure you get the worse it affects the baby (ex. Smoking while pregnant)

question

sleeper effect

answer

A delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.

question

fetal alcohol syndrome

answer

A developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

question

effects of radiation exposure

answer

genetic damage

question

habituation

answer

An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

question

Developmental Psychology

answer

explores the way humans develop and change over time

question

Maturation

answer

Biological based changes that follow an orderly sequence, each step setting the stage for the next step according to an age related timetable

question

Nature

answer

genetically programmed maturation

question

Nurture

answer

maturation between learning and experience

question

Critical periods

answer

Periods in time that are critical to specific types of learning that then modify future development

question

Sensitive periods

answer

Particularly important time frames for given forms of development

question

Stages

answer

Relatively discrete steps through which everyone progresses in the same sequence

question

Attachment

answer

A desire for proximity to an attachment figure (parent). Includes a sense of security from the person's presence. Feelings of distress when person is absent

question

schemas

answer

An organized, repeatedly exercised pattern of thought or behavior ex: police officer in uniform

question

assimilation

answer

Interpreting actions or events in terms of one's present schema ex: police officer controls the scene

question

accommodation

answer

Modification of schemas to fit reality

question

Sensorimotor stage

answer

Infants who think with their eyes and hands

question

Preoperational stage

answer

Emergence of symbolic thought and thus imagine solutions to problems

question

Concrete operational stage

answer

Ability to manipulate representations of concrete objects in ways that are reversible

question

Formal operational stage

answer

Ability to manipulate abstract and concrete representations & able to reason about formal propositions

question

Intermodal processing

answer

ability to form relationships between sights and sounds

question

Continuity

answer

researchers who see development as a function of experience tend to see development as continuous and gradual. Nurture is continuous

question

Stages

answer

Research who focus on biological maturation see spurts of growth and other changes that make one stage of development very different from another. Nature has stages

question

Conception

answer

Sperm and egg unite to bring genetic material together and from one organism.

question

Zygote Stage

answer

first 10 to 14 days. Cells begin to differentiate into specialized locations and structures

question

Implantation/embryo stage

answer

2-8 weeks. stage begins w/multicellular cluster that implants in the uterine wall. Differentiated cells develop into organs and bones

question

Fetus

answer

9 wks hands and face have developed. by four months many other features have developed and at 6 mo it might be able to survive outside of the womb. Can respond to sounds, and learn to recognize and adapt to sounds that they had previously only heard in the womb.

question

Teratogens

answer

"monster makers" substances such as viruses and chemicals that can damage the developing embryo/fetus

question

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)

answer

refers to cognitive, behavioral, and body/brain structure abnormalties cause by exposure to alcohol in the fetal stage.

question

Reflexes

answer

responses that are inborn and do not have to be learned. Newborns have reflexes to ensure that they will be fed, such as crying when hungry to motivate parents to end noise

question

Rooting reflex

answer

when something touches a newborn's cheek, infant turns toward that side w/an open mouth

question

Sucking Reflex

answer

can be triggered by a fingertip, will suck on anything you put in their mouth

question

Stability and Change

answer

temperament seems stable, and personality seems to stabilize with age. Traits can vary, especially attitudes, coping strategies, work habits, and styles of socializing. Stability helps us form identity, while the potential for change gives us control over our lives

question

The conclusion of many researchers regarding the "_____ vs. change" developmental issue is that both are important.

answer

stability

question

Dr. Cole's major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Cole is a _____ psychologist.

answer

developmental

question

Biological maturation is best reflected in which of the following?

answer

stages

question

When an infant gazes more intently at a new stimulus, researchers conclude that the infant recognizes that stimulus as different. It follows that the infant has:

answer

remembered the original stimulus, making the new stimulus seem different.

question

A developmental psychologist studies the responses of a newborn. She puts her finger in the baby's fist. The baby grasps it. Then she strokes the baby's palm and the baby puts his fist in his mouth and sucks. The psychologist is testing the baby's _____ instincts

answer

survival

question

Which of the following provides evidence IN FAVOR of the idea that our development is mostly continuous?

answer

Adult life does not seem to progress through the fixed, predictable series of steps that Erik Erikson envisioned.

question

You just found out that your sister conceived about seven days ago. You rush to find a book on pregnancy so that you can learn more about it. What will the book say is happening around the seventh day of pregnancy?

answer

The cells of the zygote are beginning to differentiate.

question

Mark thinks that language development over the life span requires a slow but steady shaping process. His belief is most directly relevant to the issue of:

answer

continuity or stage development.

question

Twenty-five-year-old Jonah is wondering whether his rate of sperm cell production is within normal range. For a man his age, his doctor will likely tell him that the average rate of production is:

answer

about 1,000 per second.

question

Concerning the stability and change developmental issue, our temperament is more predictable than our social _____.

answer

growth

question

Which of the following provides evidence AGAINST the idea that our development is mostly continuous?

answer

Our brain goes through growth spurts that correspond roughly with Jean Piaget's stages.

question

embryo

answer

2 weeks through 8 weeks, attaches to the mother's uterine wall, organs being to form and function, heart begins to beat; liver begins to make red blood cells, head arms and legs are clearly noticeable

question

placenta

answer

A structure in the pregnant uterus for nourishing a viviparous fetus with the mother's blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes.

question

umbilical cord

answer

Connects the vasculature of the fetus to the placenta.

question

amnion

answer

Inner sac in which the developing child rests

question

teratogens

answer

Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm, Agents, such as chemicals and viruses, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm

question

sensitive periods

answer

8-16 weeks , Biologically determined time periods when specific skills develop most easily

question

principle of dose-response

answer

the more exposure you get the worse it affects the baby (ex. Smoking while pregnant)

question

sleeper effect

answer

A delayed impact of a message that occurs when an initially discounted message becomes effective, as we remember the message but forget the reason for discounting it.

question

fetal alcohol syndrome

answer

A developmental disorder that stems from heavy alcohol use by the mother during pregnancy

question

effects of radiation exposure

answer

genetic damage

question

habituation

answer

An organism's decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure to it

question

implantation

answer

(embryology) the organic process whereby a fertilized egg becomes implanted in the lining of the uterus of placental mammals

question

germinal period

answer

2 weeks; zygote divides through mitosis and forms blastocyst (hollow ball of cells) that attaches to uterine wall; zygote contains 46 chromosomes

question

differences in sex development

answer

...

question

fetal period

answer

9 weeks to birth

question

epigeneties

answer

...

question

infantile amnesia

answer

Inability of adults to remember personal experiences that took place before an early age

question

Piaget's Cognitive Development Stages

answer

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

question

object permanence

answer

The awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived

question

egocentrism

answer

In Piaget's theory, the preoperational child's difficulty taking another's point of view

question

conservation

answer

Ability to recognize that objects can e transformed in some way, visually or phycially, yet still be the same in number, weight, substance, or volume

question

concrete operations

answer

Piaget's theory (stage) 7-11 years Everything is black or white, right or wrong. Loves rules, likes to follow rules. Has a Narrow focus, needs short, simple directions. Can understand cause & effect. By age 10 develops conscience, can feel guilt.

question

Theory of Mind

answer

People's ideas about their own and others' mental states -- about their feelings, perceptions, and thoughts and the behavior these might predict

question

autism

answer

A disorder that appears in childhood and is marked by deficient communication, social interaction, and understanding of others' states of mind.

question

mind blindness

answer

Deficits in understanding the concept of mind or the intentions beliefs and thoughts of others, alan leslie studied severely impaired autistic children. do fine with false photograph but poorly with beliefs - example of encapsulation because they don't use reasoning skills that they possess

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