Social Psychology Final Flashcards
Flashcard maker : Isabel Padilla
– Is there a link between playing violent video games and engaging in aggressive behavior?
1. Which of the following questions would a social psychologist be most likely to study?
– A compilation of anecdotal observations and case studies
2. Social psychology is all of the following except
– It assumes that thoughts and behaviors are influenced by other people
3. Which of the following is a central part of the definition of social psychology?
– Sociology
4. To examine the relationship between economic conditions and violence, Gunter compares the murder rates for counties with different median incomes. Gunter’s research best characterizes what field of study?
– Researchers in both fields might conduct studies investigating outcomes such as anxiety or happiness
5. Which of the following is true regarding social psychology and clinical psychology?
– Social psychology
6. Which of the following branches of psychology is most interested in “the power of the situation”?
– Personality
7. Astrid has developed a 12-item questionnaire to help her identify individuals who tend to be skeptical of authority figures across different situations. And most likely a _____ psychologist.
– Often contradict each other
8. Social psychological research is a necessary endeavor because our commonsense intuitions
– Norman Triplett
9. Which of the following people is credited with conducting the first experiment and publishing the first research article in social psychology?
– Adolf Hitler
10. One of the people who had the greatest impact on the developing field of social psychology was not a psychologist. Who was this person?
– Behavior should be conceptualized as an interaction of cognition and motivation
11. Which of the following is not one of the fundamental principles of social psychology established by Kurt Lewin?
– The split between “red” and “blue” states in the U.S.
12. Which of the following is not an influential factor in today’s social psychology?
– To what extent are attitudes inherited?
13. Which of the following questions would be of most interest t a social psychologist who studies behavioral genetics?
– Evolutionary psychology; behavioral genetics
14. Jessica and Nick are behavioral researchers. Jessica believes that her sons have been aggressive since birth because she and her husband Nick have inborn aggressive tendencies. Nick, however believes that their sons are aggressive because throughout history it has been adaptive for men to be aggressive so that they can protect their territory and possessions. Nick’s beliefs reflect the influence of ______ whereas Jessica’s beliefs reflect _____.
– Christine is more likely to sample individuals from many different countries
15. Christine conducts cross-cultural research and Betty conducts multicultural research. Which of the following is probably true?
– Social psychologists can only develop testable research questions by reading about prior research in the field
16. Which of the following concerning research questions in social psychology is false?
– Refusing to help someone in need is morally wrong
17. Which of the following is not a testable hypothesis?
– Solving practical or real-world problems
18. All of the following are goals of basic research except
– Conceptual dependent variable; operational dependent variable
19. A researcher wanted to see if being drunk raises or lowers a person’s self-esteem. In one condition, he gives participants three glasses of punch spiked with alcohol and in the other he gives participants three glasses of plain punch. After participants finish their punch, he has them complete the Rosenburg (1965) self-esteem scale. In this study, self-esteem is the ____ and the Rosenburg questionnaire is the ______.
– Experimentation
20. Social psychologists tend to prefer which of the following research methods above all others?
– Correlational study
21. Luke would like to know if there is a relationship between the number of psychology courses people take and their level of empathy. He surveys a randomly selected group of college students. Each student indicates the number of psychology courses he or she has taken and then completes an empathy scale. Luke’s research is best described as a(n)
– The further from zero the correlation coefficient will be
22. The stronger the relationship between two variables
– Positively correlated
23. When decreases in one variable are accompanied by decreases in another variable, the variables are described as
– As self-esteem decreases, grades decrease
24. Carmella finds a correlation of +.47 between self-esteem and academic achievement. Which of the following is the most appropriate interpretation of this correlation?
– The more alcohol you consume, the lower your GPA tends to be
25. Which of the following is an example of a negative correlation?
– It allows researchers to study variables that cannot be manipulated in the lab
26. One of the many advantages of correlational research is that
– Cause and effect cannot be determined with them
27. Relative to experimental studies, the primary disadvantage of correlational studies is that
– A laboratory environment
28. Experiments require all of the following except
– Random assignment
29. Buster runs an experiment in which she finds that participants placed in a good mood by a happy film clip are more likely to offer help to a fellow participant than participants who see a sad film clip. God suggests that perhaps this difference simply results from the fact that the participants in the happy film clip condition were more helpful people to begin with. What methodological aspect of a successful experiment can Buster point to in order to refute this criticism?
– Permit researchers greater control
30. In comparison to field experiments, laboratory experiments
– Being complimented on one’s appearance leads to an increase in self-esteem when people are in a social setting but a decrease in self-esteem when in an academic setting
31. Which of the following represents an interaction?
– Use of a double blind experimental design
32. The best solution to the problem of experimenter expectancy effects is
– There can be reasonable confidence that the same results would be obtained for other people in other situations
33. External validity refers to the degree to which
– Debriefing
34. The disclosure made to participants after research procedures are completed, in which the researcher explains the purpose of the research, is called
– Independent variable
35. Castilla wonders whether environmental factors influence how long juries take to select a foreperson. Mock jurors are brought into a room with either a rectangular table or a round table. Next jurors are asked to select a foreperson before starting deliberation. Castilla records how long is takes each jury to select a foreperson. The shape of the table is the
– Affect
1. The “ABCs of the self” refer to affect, behavior, and cognition. Which of these three concepts is most relevant to the idea of self-esteem?
– Sum total of a person’s beliefs concerning his or her own personal characteristics
2. The term self-concept refers to the
– Self-recognition
3. Yulia stands in front of a mirror. She notices a red spot on the forehead of the image she sees in the mirror. She then brings her hand up to her own forehead and touches the red spot, trying to brush it off. Yulia is demonstrating
– Heightening self-awareness
4. People enhance their self-esteem in all of the following ways except
– Self-perception theory
5. Marcia is unsure about whether Jan is her best friend. She thinks about how many times she has listened to Jan complain about her boyfriend, helped Jan study for difficult exams, and brought soup to Jan when she was sick. Marcia realizes that she speaks to Jan almost every night. After thinking about all this, Marcia concludes that Jan must be her best friend. This conclusion is based on a process described by
– Kira should force herself to smile throughout the class
6. Kira hates her calculus class. As a social psychologist, which of these tactics would you recommend to Kira to help improve her mood during class?
– Other female high school track athletes
7. Marion is a sprinter on her high school track team. According to social comparison theory, Marion is most likely to look to which of the following groups to assess how fast a sprinter she is?
– Is based on physiological arousal and a cognitive label for that arousal
8. Schachter’s two-factor theory of emotion proposes that emotional experience
– Stay out all night partying the night before the presentation
9. Carlos is nervous about giving a class presentation because he doesn’t think he can communicate very well with everyone watching him. If Carlos attempts to deal with his anxiety by self-handicapping, he will most likely
– Maintain consistency in behavior
10. Alex is a high self-monitor and Derek is a low self-monitor. Derek is more likely than Alex to
– Will denigrate Lisa’s appearance
11. Physical appearance is extremely important to Adrianna. When she enters a beauty contest, she beats all but one of the other contestants and finishes in second place. However, the one contestant that beats her is her neighbor and best friend, Lisa. Research by Tesser suggests that Adrianna
– Intimidation
12. Professor Gross uses esoteric terms, makes fun of students’ questions and comments, and refuses to explain complicated material. Professor Gross is using the _____ tactic of self-presentation.
– They assume we observe a person on more than one occasion
13. Which of the following is not one of the three assumptions of all theories of attribution?
– What-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype
14. The belief that physically attractive individuals also possess desirable personality characteristics is called the
– Self-promotion
15. The type of self-presentational strategy that describes acts motivated to establish one’s competence is
– Basking in reflected glory
16. After her favorite professional football team wins the Super Bowl, Casey proudly wears the team’s jersey for an entire week. Casey is engaging in
– It is formed through social interaction and, in turn, affects our interactions with others
17. The “self” is important in social psychology because
– Nonverbal behavior
18. Behavior that communicates a person’s feelings without words is called
– Perceptions of the emotions are relatively consistent across most cultures
19. While traveling around the world, Sven shows various people pictures of men and women from his hometown who are smiling and frowning, and he asks these people to infer what emotions the individuals in the pictures are experiencing. According to the research on perceptions of primary emotions, Sven should find that
– Anxiety
20. All of the following are considered “primary” emotions except
– People are more accurate at detecting deception if they focus on body movements and voice quality rather than facial expressions
21. Which of the following is supported by research on deception?
– Situational; dispositional
22. Colin and Erin are waiting to meet with their caterer so that they can discuss the menu for their wedding. The caterer is 30 minutes late and still hasn’t arrived. Colin suggests that the caterer is probably delayed because of traffic. Erin suggests that the caterer is probably disorganized and unreliable. Colin is making a(n) _____ attribution, whereas Erin is making a(n) _____ attribution.
– The company is expanding as a result of record-breaking profits, and compensation for employees in the sales department where George worked has increased 30% this year.
23. George is leaving his job at Vandalay industries, a latex manufacturer. According to correspondent inference theory, in which of the following scenarios would you learn the most about George?
– Dispositional; situational
24. Correspondent inference theory focuses on whether or not a perceiver can make a(n) _____ attribution for a particular behavior, whereas Kelley’s theory of causal attribution considers the possibility of a(n) _____ attribution.
– People infer that something is the cause of a behavior if it is present when the behavior occurs and absent when it does not occur
25. According to Kelley’s covariation principle
– Low in consensus, high in distinctiveness, and high in consistency
26. Everyone you know seems to love the TV show The Apprentice. You’re a huge fan of reality TV as well, as you never miss an episode of The Amazing Race, American Idol, or Project Runway. But every time you watch The Apprentice, you have the same reaction: you hate it with a passion. According to Kelley’s theory of causal attribution, your dislike of this show would be
– Consistency
27. When _____ is low, it is difficult for the perceiver to attribute behavior to either the person or the stimulus; instead, the best that can be said is that the behavior was caused by transient circumstances.
– Availability heuristic
28. You are asked what percentage of psychology majors at your school are female. If you answer this question by thinking of how many female psychology majors come to mind quickly, you are relying on the
– His date is a slob
29. LeBron is eating at a restaurant on a first date when his date spills spaghetti all over her lap. Which of the following conclusions would LeBron be most likely to draw if he commits the fundamental attribution error?
– Explain other people’s actions in dispositional terms while viewing personal behavior as situationally determined
30. The actor-observer effect refers to the tendency to
– Belief in a just world
31. The tendency to think that most victims of Hurricane Katrina were irresponsible and naïve for not evacuating their homes before the storm hit is most likely to result from which of the following tendencies?
– Averaging model of impression formation
32. The finding that moderately positive traits can dilute the impact of extremely positive traits on impressions is most consistent with the
– Michael is smarter than Fredo
33. Imagine that you are grading the exams of two students, Michael and Fredo. They both get only half the questions correct. However, Michael gets most of his questions right on the first half of the test, whereas Fredo gets most of his questions right on the last half of the test. According to Asch’s work on primary effects in impression formation, you would be likely to conclude that
– The meaning of information obtained later is often altered to fit with earlier impressions
34. One explanation for the primacy effect is that
– Believing that baby-faced men are harmless
35. Which of the following is not discrimination?
– Prejudice
36. Positive or negative feelings directed at others strictly because of their membership in a particular social category is called
– A self-fulfilling prophecy
37. Vernell is being interviewed for a job. Though it isn’t really true, the interviewer suspects that Vernell is incompetent. Because the interviewer doesn’t expect much from Vernell, he sits far away from her during the interview, interrupts her frequently, and seems distracted when she speaks. As a result, Vernell becomes nervous, starts to stutter, and loses her train of thought several times. The interviewer’s final impression is that Vernell is, as he suspected, incompetent. This impression is most likely the result of
– Prejudice, discrimination, stereotyping
38. The ABCs of social psychology are affect, behavior, and cognition. Put the three major concepts of Chapter 5 in the ABC order by considering whether they correspong to affect, behavior, or cognition.
– A stereotype
39. Samantha thinks that all social psychology professors are intelligent, attractive, and fabulously good dancers. This is an example of
– Ingroups; outgroups
40. Groups to which the self belongs are called _____, and groups to which the self does not belong are called _____.
– Outgroup homogeneity effect
41. The belief that “they’re all the same” best epitomizes which of the following concepts?
– Frees up cognitive resources
42. Social categorization is advantageous because it
– Overestimate how often his psychology professor forgets to bring materials to class
43. Liston believes that psychology professors are absentminded. Given the research on illusory correlations, he is likely to
– Situational attributions for positive behaviors, but personal attributions for negative behaviors
44. In explaining the behavior of members of a group that they are prejudiced against, people tend to make
– Develop negative views of one another and behave in a hostile manner
45. Michigan and Ohio State are rival universities. Students at the two schools only interact when the athletic teams they play for compete against each other. Sherif’s Robbers Cave experiment suggests that the students will
– Have them work together on a goal that requires cooperative efforts
46. The Jets and the Sharks are two groups of local youths who regularly- and belligerently- compete against each other. The Robbers Cave experiment would suggest that one way of healing the rift between these groups is to
– Realistic conflict theory
47. Some border-town residents dislike illegal immigrants because they fear that the immigrants will take jobs away from them. These feelings can best be explained by
– Less obvious than “old-fashioned” racism
48. Modern racism can be distinguished from what has been termed “old-fashioned” racism in that modern racism is
– Ageism
49. Dr. Mack reacts slower and less aggressively when treating chest pains in Sam, who is 76, than when he treats the same symptoms in Ray, who is 54. Dr. Mack is demonstrating
– Education
50. Probably the best means of reducing prejudice and discrimination is via
– The emotional feeling, positive or negative, that a person has regarding an attitude object
1. The affective component of attitudes is
– A Likert scale
2. Sara plans to use a self-report measure in which people indicate their agreement or disagreement with a list of statements. She is using
– Bogus pipeline because it is not as susceptible to social desirability effects
3. Jacqueline, an attitude researcher, is interested in how people feel about sexual fetishes. Be well-advised to use a
– Intensity; direction
4. Measuring attitudes by assessing physiological arousal tends to identify the ____ ____ of the attitude
– Facial EMG can detect muscular changes not observable to the naked eye
5. Which of the following concerning the use of facial electromyography (EMG) is true
– An indirect
6. Professor Adams records the number of times that students…to determine how they feel about the food service. She is using ____.. measurement.
– Classical conditioning
7. Every time that Sara’s best friend sees a male with long hair, she smiles and acts happy. As a result, Sara develops a positive attitude about men with long hair. Sara’s attitude was formed through
– Elaboration-likelihood model
8. The _____ combines the learning and cognitive approaches to attitude formation.
– Self-reported attitudes are not always predictive of behavior
9. LaPierre’s (1934) study of attitudes was important in empirically demonstrating that
– Personally relevant
10. An attitude is stronger and, therefore, more predictive of behavior when it is
– Selective exposure
11. Martha, who is very conservative, regularly reads Conservative Monthly and refuses to listen to read any source that has liberal views. Martha is engaging in
– Attitude complexity
12. Attitude extremity is inversely related to
– Message recipients must elaborate the message
13. Which of the following conditions is not specified in Hovland’s model of persuasion (or sequence of attitude change) as necessary for attitude change to occur?
– Learning or peripheral
14. Bill buys the same brand of laundry detergent that he has seen his mom use for years and doesn’t consider any other brand. Bill is using the _____ approach to attitude formation regarding laundry detergent.
– Argue against their own interests
15. Because communicator trustworthiness is important, people tend to be readily impressed by speakers who
– Parents
16. Which of the following is most influential in the formation of our early attitudes?
– First scare clients by showing them gory lung-cancer operations. Then outline the specific steps they could follow to stop smoking
17. Louie runs a clinic that helps individuals to quit smoking and he would like to use fear to motivate his clients. Which of the following strategies would be most effective?
– Cognitive dissonance
18. An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognitions is called
– The irrelevance of cognitions
19. Which of the following does not affect the magnitude of cognitive dissonance?
– Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition.
20. The findings of the classic Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) experiment indicate that
– Mickey will seem more attractive than ever, convincing Marcia that she made the right choice
21. Marcia has two boyfriends, Davie and Mickey, both of whom she likes very much. She has decided that dating both of them is making her life too complicated and, after careful deliberation, has decided to stop seeing Davie and continue dating only Mickey. According to cognitive dissonance theory, which of the following should happen next?
– Social influence
22. The ways in which people are affected by the real or imagined presence of others is called
– After one student in class yawns, several others soon begin to yawn as well.
23. Which of the following best exemplifies automatic influence?
– Conformity, compliance, and obedience differ with respect to the degree of social influence exerted on an individual
24. Which of the following concerning conformity, compliance, and obedience is true?
– Conformity
25. Everyone in the fast-food restaurant seemed to be leaving their leftovers on the table as opposed to throwing them away on their way out the door, so Jeff left his tray on the table as well. This is best described as an example of
– As the study progressed, the participants’ estimates began to converge with each other
26. Sherif (1936) asked groups of participants to estimate the distance moved by a point of light. He found that
– Sherif relied on an ambiguous task, whereas Asch used an unambiguous task
27. The primary difference between the research of Sherif (1936) and Asch (1951) is that
– The results demonstrated that conformity is only likely in situations where the correct response is ambiguous
28. Which of the following statements regarding Asch’s (1951) line similarity study is false?
– Informational influence
29. The conformity seen in Sherif’s (1936) study was most likely the result of
– Informational influence; normative influence
30. Joanie and Chachi have just started to attend church. Joanie pays attention to when the rest of the congregation sits and stands because she wants to be sure to stand and sit at the appropriate times. Chachi stands up and sits down when the rest of the congregation does because if he doesn’t the elderly couple across the aisle scowls at him. Joanie has conformed because of _____ whereas Chachi has conformed because of _____.
– Arlene conformed only when others were present, whereas Ron conformed regardless of whether others were present
31. In a particular situation, Arlene exhibits public conformity, whereas Ron exhibits private conformity. Given this information, which of the following is most likely to be accurate?
– Appears confident in his view that she is innocent
32. Keith is a member of a jury trying to decide whether the accused is guilty of the heinous murder for which she has been charged. All of the members of the jury wish to convict except Keith who believes she is innocent. Keith will have the best chance at having the others seriously consider his position if he
– In response to a direct request
33. As compared to conformity, compliance occurs
– James is equally likely to comply with the “letter” plea and the “write something” plea.
34. Mara needs to borrow James’s pen and is pondering how to ask him. She considers three options asking for the pen outright without any reason, telling him that she needs the pen “to write something,” or telling him that she needs it “to sing a letter.” Which of the following is true?
– Norm of reciprocity
35. In order to convince people to buy lunch from their restaurant in the food court, employees at a Chinese restaurant gave out free samples of chicken teriyaki to everyone who walked by. The restaurant employees are hoping to take advantage of the
– The foot-in-the-door technique
36. As he was about to enter the mall, Evan was approached by someone and asked to wear a small green ribbon on his shirt to show his support for the “Save the Squirrels” campaign. Evan wasn’t quite sure that squirrels were actually endangered, but he agreed to wear the ribbon. A week later, Evan was approached again and asked to contribute $10 to help save the squirrels. Though he would rather spend his money somewhere else, Evan agreed. Evan has been the victim of
– 65%
37. What percentage of the participants in Milgram’s study of destructive obedience demonstrated complete obedience to the experimenter?
– Passengers on a plane
38. Which of the following would most likely be described as a collective rather than a group?
– Role expectations
39. Fred, who is president of his fraternity, wears his Greek letters to class daily because he believes that’s what fraternity presidents do. Fred’s choice of apparel is most likely due to
– Social facilitation
40. Vladimir, a basketball novice, makes about 60 percent of his free throws when practicing alone. However, when playing with his friends, he only makes about 30 percent of his free throws. This decrease is most likely the result of
– Results from the physical immediacy of others
41. According to Zajonc’s Drive Theory, social facilitation
– The evaluation apprehension theory
42. Cottrell et al. (1968) found that dominant responses were no more frequent among people working in the presence of blindfolded others than among people working alone. This finding is consistent with which theory of social facilitation?
– A tendency for people to feel less accountable in a group context
43. All of the following accounts have been proposed to explain social facilitation except
– Social loafing
44. Mr. Belding notices that his students seem to put more effort into their individual assignments than into their group projects. This is most likely the result of
– Loss of individuality and reduction of constraints against deviant behavior
45. Deindividualization refers to the
– Be more extreme than
46. Following group discussion, group decisions tend to _____ the positions of the individuals comprising the group.
– After exposure to ideas she has not though of before, Latasha comes to possess even more conservative beliefs
47. Latasha joined a campus group called “Young Republicans.” Which of these outcomes is most consistent with the persuasive-arguments explanation for group polarization?
– The need for agreement takes priority over the desire to obtain correct information
48. Groupthink emerges when
– Disjunctive
49. Sam, Diane, and Frasier are members of a team competing in a test of general knowledge. Any team member can answer the moderator’s questions. The team’s task can be described as
– Additive tasks, but not disjunctive tasks
50. Groups tend to outperform individuals on
– A high need for affiliation
1. Rita has a strong desire to establish and maintain social contacts with others. Rita has
– John, who is an adolescent
2. Who of the following is likely to be lonely?
– Proximity
3. One of the most important prerequisites for the development of attraction between two people is
– The more we see someone, the greater the attraction
4. Which of the following is consistent with the mere exposure effect?
– Attractive employees earn approximately the same salaries as unattractive employees
5. All of the following have been demonstrated in research on physical attractiveness except
– What-is-beautiful-is-good stereotype
6. The belief that physically attractive individuals possess desirable personality characteristics is called the
– The theories of evolutionary psychology
7. Someone who argues that the preference for a physically attractive partner is simply a function of wanting to have healthy offspring probably endorses
– #2 is more accurate; people tend to be more attracted to those who are similar to themselves
8. Popular wisdom is often contradictory, as with the following two sayings: 1) “opposites attract,” and 2) “birds of a feather flock together.” Research on the relationship between similarity and liking suggests that
– Reproductive compatibility
9. All of the following are considered the basic components of intimate relationships except
– Secure attachment style
10. Conchita has good relationships with her boyfriend and with her parents. She is also able to form caring and supportive friendships. Conchita probably has a(n)
– People’s attachment styles relate to the type of romantic relationships they have
11. Which of the following has been demonstrated in research?
– Physical attractiveness
12. Walster et al. (1966) randomly matched students for a dance. The strongest predictor of couples who continued to see each other was
– They have higher self-esteem
13. All of the following are true of physically attractive individuals except
– Raised in a culture that believes in and teaches the concept of romantic love
14. Which of the following is not a characteristic of romantic love?
– Become more attracted to Nancy
15. Sid is mildly attracted to Nancy. If his parents forbid him to see Nancy, Sid is likely to
– Males fall in love more easily and quicker
16. Which of the following is true regarding gender differences in romantic relaitionships?
– Companionate love
17. Hermann and Flora have been married for 40 years. They still have a strong relationship and say they are each other’s best friends. The relationship seems to be an example of
– More likely to remain constant over time
18. Compared to passionate love, companionate love is
– In the early stages of a relationship
19. Research suggests that self-disclosure reciprocity is more important
– A greater number of bystanders to reduce the probability that a victim will receive help
20. The bystander effect refers to the tendency for
– An individual’s level of moral reasoning
21. Which of the following has not been offered as an explanation for the bystander effect?
– Diffusion of responsibility
22. Asuni hears her neighbor’s burglar alarm go off in the middle of the night, but she doesn’t call the police because she assumes that one of the other neighbors will do so. Asuni’s failure to call the police is the result of
– A bystander’s training is relevant to the emergency at hand
23. Diffusion of responsibility can be reduced if
– Rewards and punishment
24. Carol determines that if she helps her co-worker with a report that it will take time that she was planning on using on her own project. However, she decides to offer her help because she believes her boss will be impressed and perhaps offer a raise. Carol is using the _____approach to helping behavior.
– The good mood effect
25. While outside enjoying the sunshine, Claudia happily gives directions to a lost tourist. Claudia’s willingness to help a stranger is most likely due to
– When helping is thought to improve a negative mood
26. Research suggest that negative moods tend to enhance helping
– High; more
27. Persons who have _____ levels of moral reasoning are _____ likely to help those in need.
– Making a dispositional attribution for the beggar’s need
28. Mark refuses to give money to a beggar because he believes the beggar is lazy and refuses to work for a living. Mark is
– We are more likely to help attractive people than unattractive people
29. Research on attractiveness and helping indicates that
– If he observed the person in the car in front of him leave a donation
Renaldo is driving out of a beautiful national park that is having some financial trouble. There is a box for donations by the park exit, and no one around. Which of the following would most likely encourage Renaldo to leave a donation?
– Jerry felt more empathy for the Mets fan than the Yankees fan
31. Jerry, a devout Mets fan, stops to help a stranded motorist wearing a Mets jersey, but passes by the stranded motorist in the Yankees jersey. Which of the following could account for Jerry’s behavior?
– More easily empathize with such individuals
32. The finding that people often help similar others can be explained by the tendency to
– Karen is more likely to help
33. Karen and Rob are talking to a mutual friend who suddenly breaks down and asks if one of them can stay and talk about an important problem. Who is more likely to help?
– That it obligates them to the helper
34. One reason that people often react negatively to receiving help is
– Intends to injure another living being
35. The defining characteristic of aggression is that the aggressor
– Instrumental aggression
36. Rex belittles Peyton’s abilities in interviews with the media and spreads rumors about him in the hope that doing so will disrupt Peyton’s fragile psyche and lead him to play poorly in the championship game. Rex’s behavior illustrates
– A death instinct
37. A psychoanalyst believes that her patient’s aggressive patterns of behavior are probably due to an unconscious impulse toward self-destruction. The psychoanalyst’s thinking is most consistent with the concept of
– Instinctual behavior
38. Both Freud and Lorenz argued that aggression is
– All of the above (is functional, helps protect territory, ensures survival of species)
39. Lorenz argues that aggression is common in most animal species because it
– That while aggression may be partly biological, learning is also involved.
40. Kuo’s 1939 study of domestic cats demonstrated
– Instrumental aggression
41. Of the following, the frustration-aggression hypothesis would probably be least effective as an explanation for
– Aggression cues
42. Stimuli associated with a source of frustration or aggressive behavior in general is the definition of
– Excitation transfer
43. On his way back from work, Orin nearly collided head-on with another car. After swerving out of the way at the last minute, Orin could feel his heart racing and his hands shaking. A few minutes later he arrived home and, just as he walked in, received a phone call from a salesperson. Orin then became verbally abusive toward the salesperson. This outcome is most consistent with the concept of
– There is a greater likelihood that they will behave aggressively toward one another than if there was no weapon
44. Two people are placed in a room and are provoked to behave aggressively toward one another. Which of the following is most likely to happen if there is a weapon in the room?
– Social learning
45. Mary was routinely hit by her mother when she was a child and now she routinely hits her own children. This is most consistent with the _____ theory of aggression.
– All forms of media violence appear to increase aggressive behavior
46. Research on the link between media violence and aggression has demonstrated that
– A study in which participants who are randomly assigned to play violent video games later administer greater levels of electric shock to a confederate than participants who are assigned to play neutral games
47. Many researchers maintain that there is a positive relationship between exposure to violent media and real-life aggressive behavior. The claim that exposure to violence actually causes an increase in aggression would be best supported by which of the following?
– Are more accepting of interpersonal violence against women
48. In experiments, male participants who view violent erotic material
– Has more severe consequences
49. Though women are more likely than men to aggress in an intimate relationship, men’s aggression in such relationships differs in that it typically
– Become more aggressive, especially outside the home
50. Sears (1953) showed that children who are physically punished for aggressive behavior
