AP Psych – Chapter 12 – Flashcards
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personality
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a pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world
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psychodynamic perspectives
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theoretical views emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious
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unconscious
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beyond awareness
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psychoanalysis
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freud's approach to personality
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hysteria
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refers to physical symptoms that have no physical cause
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overdetermined
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has many causes
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id
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the part of the person that freud called the "it" consisting of unconscious drives
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id
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the individual's reservoir of sexual energy
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pleasure principle
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the id works according the the ___ ___, the freudian concept that the id always seeks pleasure
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ego
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the freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality
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reality principle
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the ego abides by the ___ ___, it tries to bring the individual pleasure within the norms of society
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superego
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the freudian structure of personality that serves as the harsh internal judge of our behavior (what we often call a conscience)
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defense mechanisms
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tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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repression
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the ego pushes unacceptable impulses out of awareness, back into the unconscious mind
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rationalization
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the ego replaces a less acceptable motive with a more acceptable one
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displacement
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the ego shifts feelings toward and unacceptable object to another, more acceptable object
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sublimation
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the ego replaces an unacceptable impulse with a socially acceptable one
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projection
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the ego attributes personal shortcomings, problems, and faults to others
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reaction formation
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the ego transforms an unacceptable motive into its opposite
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denial
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the ego refuses to acknowledge anxiety-producing realities
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regression
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the ego seeks the security of an earlier developmental period in the face of stress
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oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital
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name the stages of psychosexual personality development in order
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erogenous zones
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parts of the body that have especially strong pleasure giving qualities at particular stages of development
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oral stage
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stage of psychosexual development from birth to 18 months; infants pleasure centers on the mouth, chewing, sucking, and biting are the chief sources of pleasure that reduce tension in the infant
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anal stage
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stage of psychosexual development from 18 - 30 months; child's greatest pleasure involves the anus and urethra and their functions
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phallic stage
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stage of psychosexual development from 3 - 6 years pleasure focuses on the genitals as the child discovers that self-stimulation is enjoyable
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oedipus complex
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according to freud, a boy's intense desire to replace his father and enjoy the affections of his mother
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castration anxiety
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refers to the boy's intense fear of being mutilated by his gender role
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latency period
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stage of psychosexual development from 6 - puberty; a psychic time-out, a time in which no psychosexual development occurs
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genital stage
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stage of psychosexual development from adolescents - adulthood; a point when the source of sexual pleasure shifts to someone outside the family
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anal retentive
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someone who is obsseseive neat and organized
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fixation
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occurs when a particular psychosexual stage colors and individual's adult personality
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collective unconscious
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jung's term for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past
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archetypes
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jung's term for emotionally laden ideas and images in the collective an conscious that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people
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individual psychology
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adler's view that people are motivated by purposes and goals and that perfection, not pleasure, is thus the key motivator in human life
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compensation
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individuals attempt to overcome imagined or real inferiorities or weaknesses by developing one's own abilities
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humanistic perspectives
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theoretical views stressing a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities
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unconditional positive regard
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roger's construct referring to the individual's need to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of his or her behavior
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conditions of worth
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the standards that the individual must live up to in order to receive positive regard from others
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trait theories
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theoretical views stressing that personality consists of broad, enduring dispositions that tend to lead to characteristic responses
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big five factors of personality
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the five broad traits that are thought to describe the main dimensions of personality; neuroticism (emotional instability), extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness
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personological and life story perspectives
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theoretical views stressing that the way to understand the person is to focus on his or her life history and life story
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self-efficacy
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the belief that one can master a situation and produce positive change
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Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory
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the most widely used and researched empirically keyed self-report personality test
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face validity
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the extent to which a test item appears to be a good fit the characteristic it measures
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projective test
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a personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it - to project their own meaning onto the stimulus
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self-report test
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also called an objective test or an inventory, a method of measuring personality characteristics that directly asks people whether specific items describe their personality traits
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empirically keyed test
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a type of self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way
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rorschach inkblot test
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a famous projective test that uses an individual's perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality
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thematic apperception test
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a projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality
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type a behavior pattern
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a cluster of characteristics - such as being excessively competitive, hard-driven, impatient, and hostile - related to the incident of heart disease
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type b behavior battern
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a cluster of characteristics - such as being relaxed and easygoing - related to good health
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subjective well-being
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a person's assessment of his or her own level of positive affect relative to negative affect, and the individual's evaluation of his or her life in general
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personality genetics
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the study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics
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cognitive affective processing systems
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mischel's theoretical model for describing that our thoughts and emotions about ourselves and the world affect our behavior and become linked in ways that matter to behavior
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social cognitive perspectives
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theoretical views emphasizing conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals
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neuroticism
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related to feeling negative emotion more often than positive emotion in one's daily life and to experiencing more lingering negative states
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extraverstion
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more likely to engage in social activities and to experience gratitude and a strong sense of meaning in life
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openness to experience
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related to liberal values, open-mindedness, tolerance, and creativity
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agreeableness
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related to generosity and altruism, to reports of religious faith, and to more satisfying romantic relationships
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conscientiousness
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key factor in a variety of life domains; positively related to high school and college student's grade point averages
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need for achievement
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an enduring concern for attaining excellence and overcoming obstacles
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need for affiliation
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an enduring concern for establishing and maintaining interpersonal connection
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need for power
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an enduring concern for having impact on the social world
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cross-situational consistency
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behaving consistently in different situations
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situationism
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mischel's view that personality and behavior often vary considerably from one context to another
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behavioral genetics
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the study of the inherited underpinnings of behavioral characteristics
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Horney
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____'s sociocultural approach: - both sexes envy the attributes of the other - need for security, not sex, is primary motivator
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Jung
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_____'s analytical theory: - collective unconscious - archetypes
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Alder
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____'s individual psychology: - perfection, not pleasure, is key motivator
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Maslow
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__ was a humanistic theorist - Third force - self actualization - peak experiences
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self actualization
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motivation to fulfill one's full potential as a human being
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peak experiences
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breath taking moments of spiritual insight
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Rogers
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___ believed in personal growth and self determination - he said there were three things needed for the process of self determination: 1. unconditional positive regard 2. empathy 3. genuineness
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self concept
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conscious representation of who we are and who we wish to become
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empathy
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understanding another's true feelings
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genuineness
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being open with ones feelings and dropping all facades
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traits
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lasting personality characteristics
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traits
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fundamental building blocks of personality
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Allport
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___ founded the trait approach
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Allport
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father of personality psychology - did not think unconscious was important in understanding personality - focused on present lives of people not their past - relevance to social issues facing modern society
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allport
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____ defined traits as structures inside a person that cause behavior to be similar in different situations
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Norman
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____ created the five factors model (OCEAN)
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HEXACO model
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alternative to the "big five" which incorporates a sixth dimension, honesty
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Murray
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____ had the personaological perspective
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personology
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the study of the whole person
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unconscious needs
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need for achievement, need for affiliation, and need for power
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McAdams
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____ had the life story approach
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intimacy motivation
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enduring concern for warm interpersonal encounters for one's own sake
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Bandura
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_____ was involved in the social cognitive perspective and talked about reciprocal determinism and self-efficacy
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reciprocal determinism
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the way behavior, environment, and cognitive factors interact to create personality
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self-efficacy
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the belief you can do it
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Mischel
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_ challenged the basic assumption of personality and had the CAPS model and situationalism
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situationalism
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behavior and personality vary considerable across context
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CAPS
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the ___ model of personality: - stability over time rather than across situations - interconnections among cognitions and emotions affect our behavior
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hippocrates
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the father of medicine, described human beings as having one of four basic personalities based on levels of particular bodily fluids (humors): - sanguine - choleric - phlegmatic - melancholic
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sanguine
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happy, optimistic - lots of blood
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choleric
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quick tempered - too much yellow bile
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phlegmatic
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placid, sluggish - too much phlem
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melancholic
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pessimist - too much black bile
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Eysenck
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____ had the reticular activation system theory and he was the first to describe the role of a particular brain system in personality
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reticular activation system
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located int eh brain stem and plays a role in wakefullness
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Gray
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___ had the reinforcement sensitivity theory
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Behavior activation system
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(BAS) - neurobiological system that... - sensitive to rewards - predisposes one too feelings of positive emotions - underlies the trait of extraversion
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behavioral inhibition system
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(BIS) - neurobiological system that... - sensitive to punishments - involved in avoidance learning - underlies the trait of neuroticism
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dopamine
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feel good neurotransmitters
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Krueger
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____ examined behavioral genetics in twin studies by looking at the quality of the family environments
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personality
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a person's characteristic pattern of behavior, thoughts, and feelings
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Myers Briggs Type indicator
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This personality test measure four dimensions used to make personnel decisions: - extraversion -- introversion - sensing -- intuiting - thinking -- feeling - judgement -- perception
