Psych Ch. 1 – Flashcards
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behavioral perspective
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Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, and B.F. Skinner emphasizes observable behavior that can be objectively measured all human behavior is learned and can be controlled with rewards and punishments (reinforcement)
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humanistic perspective
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Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow emphasizes the importance of self-esteem, free will, and choice in human behavior
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psychoanalytic/psychodynamic perspective
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Sigmund Freud emphasizes the role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality less emphasis on sexual instincts emphasizes repressed memories, free association, dream interpretation, and transference
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cognitive perspective
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computer revolution - encodes, processes and stores sensory information emphasizes thinking, perceiving, and information processing influenced by computer revolution
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biological perspective
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emphasizes genetics, the role of various parts of the brain, and the structure and function of individual nerve cells
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evolutionary perspective
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Charles Darwin emphasizes the role played by natural selection and adaptation in the evolution of behavior and mental processes
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Charles Darwin
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British naturalist theory of evolution had a significant influence on early psychology theory of natural selection continues to influence modern evolutionary perspective
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Wilhelm Wundt
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German psychologist 1st psychology research lab introspection - reported detailed descriptions of their own conscious mental experiences studied elements of consciousness - sensation, perception, emotion
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William James
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Harvard professor established psychology in US emphasized studying the purpose of behavior and mental experiences James-Lange theory of emotion - emotion follows a 3 part sequence beginning with the perception of the stimulus which triggers physiological arousal and is interpreted as a specific emotion
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G. Stanley Hall
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studied under William James established 1st psych lab in US 1st president of APA
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Mary Whiton Calkins
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studied under William James denied her Ph.D at Harvard established psych lab at Wellesley College 1st female president of APA
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Margaret Flow Washburn
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1st American woman to get Ph.D in psych experiments on animal behavior
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Sigmund Freud
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most influential thinkers of 20th century founded psychoanalytic school of psych theory of personality - role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and psychological disorders emphasized how childhood experiences affect adult personality believed that dreams provided insight into unconscious motives
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John B. Watson
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emphasized study of observable behavior rather than the subjective mental process one of the founders of behaviorism
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psychology
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the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
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behavior
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any action or reaction of a living organism that can be directly observed
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goals of psychology
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describe particular behaviors by naming, classifying, and measuring them explain why a behavior or mental process occurred predict the conditions under which a future behavior or mental process is likely to occur apply psychological knowledge to promote desired goals and precent unwanted behaviors
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structuralism
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Edward Titchner established psych lab at Cornell used introspection to identify basic components of conscious experiences unreliable method of investigation - different subjects reported different findings about same stimulus introspection couldn't be used toe tidy children, animals, mental disorders
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functionalism
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william James emphasized studying the purpose of behavior and mental experiences rejected introspective method of gathering info broadened scope of psychological research to include direct observation of human and nonhuman animals
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psychoanalysis
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Sigmund Frued emphasized role of unconscious conflicts in determining behavior and personality conflict between accepted norms of behavior and unconscious sexual and aggressive impulses freudian slips
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gestalt
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how we construct perceptual wholes explain perceptual organization
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social-cultural perspective
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focuses on how culture and social situations affect the way people think, feel, and behave
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diverse specialty areas
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embraces a wide range of speciality areas clinical and counseling attract largest number of doctoral students
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clinical psychology
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evolution, diagnosis and treatment of mental and behavioral disorders
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forensic psychology
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applies principles of psychology to legal profession, jury selection, and psychological profiling
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educational psychology
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uses how people learn to develop in structural methods and materials
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industrial-organizational psychology
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applies principles of psychology to workplace, including employee motivation, job satisfaction, and personnel selection
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Max Wertheimer
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gestalt psychologist
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Ivan Pavlov
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classical conditioning behaviorism Pavlov's dogs
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B. F. Skinner
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reinforcement behaviorism
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behaviorism
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psychologists should only look at behavior and causes of behavior
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biopsychological perspective
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explain human thought and behavior in terms of biological processes
