Famous Theorists Flashcards
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Sigmund Freud
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Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist who founded the psychoanalytic school of psychiatry. Freud is best known for his theories of the unconscious mind and the defense mechanism of repression and creating the clinical practice of psychoanalysis. (http://www.chacha.com/question/sigmund-freud)
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Anna Freud
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Anna Freud , the founder of child psychoanalysis, began her career under father's wing. She grew up in the household of Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychology. Under his wing she grew a deep attachment and a love for him and the field of psychoanalysis. (http://www.chacha.com/askChaCha/who+is+anna+freud)
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Carl Jung
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Carl Jung was a Swiss psychiatrist and founder of a neopsychoanalytic school of psychology, which he named Analytical Psychology. (http://www.chacha.com/askChaCha/who+is+carl+jung+psychologist)
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Erik Erikson
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Erik Erikson was a German-American developmental psychologist/psychoanalyst known for his theory on social development of humans. (http://www.chacha.com/askChaCha/who+is+erik+erikson)
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Lawrence Kohlberg
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Lawrence Kohlberg was a Jewish American psychologist born in Bronxville, New York, who served as a professor at the University of Chicago, as well as Harvard University. Having specialized in research on moral education and reasoning, he is best known for his theory of stages of moral development. (http://www.chacha.com/question/what-did-kohlberg-do)
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Carol Gilligan
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She helped to form a new psychology for women by listening to them and rethinking the meaning of self and selfishness. (http://www.webster.edu/~woolflm/gilligan.html)
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William James
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William James was a leading figure in psychology and philosophy best known for the book "The Principles of Psychology." He is credited by many to be the originator of psychology in America as a valid academic study as well as for popularizing pragmatism. (http://www.ehow.com/about_5403061_william-james.html)
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Wilhelm Wundt
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Wundt was associated with the theoretical perspective known as structuralism, which involves describing the structures that compose the mind. He believed that psychology was the science of conscious experience and that trained observers could accurately describe thoughts, feelings, and emotions through a process known as introspection. (http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/wundtprofile.htm)
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Bf Skinner
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B. F. Skinner was one of the most influential of American psychologists. A radical behaviorist, he developed the theory of operant conditioning -- the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, be they reinforcements or punishments, which make it more or less likely that the behavior will occur again. (http://www.nndb.com/people/297/000022231/)
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John B Watson
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His view that psychology was the science of observable behaviors had a strong influence, and the behavioral perspective rose to dominate the field during the first half of the twentieth century. Watson was one of the strongest advocates for behaviorism, suggesting that psychology should be objective and focus on the study of human behaviors. (http://psychology.about.com/b/2008/02/09/257235.htm)
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Jean Piaget
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Piaget identified himself as a genetic epistemologist.Epistemology is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with the origin, nature, extent, and limits of human knowledge. He was interested not only in the nature of thought, but in how it develops and understanding how genetics impact this process. (http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/piaget.htm)
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Harry Harlow
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An American psychologist named Harry Harlow became interested in studying a topic that was not so easy to quantify and measure: love.In a series of controversial experiments conducted in 1960s, Harlow demonstrated the powerful effects of love. His experiments were often unethical and shockingly cruel, yet they uncovered fundamental truths that have heavily influenced our understanding of child development. (http://psychology.about.com/od/historyofpsychology/p/harlow_love.htm)
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Carl Rogers
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Carl R. Rogers is known as the father of client-centered therapy. Throughout his career he dedicated himself to humanistic psychology and is well known for his theory of personality development. He began developing his humanistic concept while working with abused children. Rogers attempted to change the world of psychotherapy when he boldly claimed that psychoanalytic, experimental, and behavioral therapists were preventing their clients from ever reaching self-realization and self-growth due to their authoritive analysis. (http://muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/rogers.htm)
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Abraham Maslow
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Abraham Maslow was a psychologist that researched how human needs motivate behavior. He described how different needs have greater priority than others. When he did, he found that our needs can be understood better by arranging them in the order of their importance, or dominance, in our lives. That hierarchy of needs is used to help explain behavior in our lives whether we're at work or at home. (http://www.squidoo.com/abrahammaslow)
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karen Horney
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Horney's theory is related to her personal life and how she was able to deal with her problems. Her idea of neurosis and psychoanalysis involving inner conflicts is regarded as one of the best theories in this area. Neurosis is how people cope and have control over interpersonal issues that happen day to day, according to Horney. Another theory she addresses is the idea of personality in conjunction with psychoanalysis. Below, her theories are examed in more depth by actually seeing how she disagrees with Freud and what her ideas are for neuroses and psychoanalysis. (http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/horney.htm)
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Alfred Adler
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His best-known work is The Practice and Theory of Individual Psychology. Adler had a tendency to change his theory on personality throughout his life but he ultimately believed that people are focused on maintaining control over their lives. He believed in single "drive" or motivating force behind our behavior, claiming that the desire we have to fulfill our potentials becomes closer and closer to our ideals. (http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/adler.htm)
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Gordon Allport
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One thing that motivates human beings is the tendency to satisfy biological survival needs, which Allport referred to as opportunistic functioning. He noted that opportunistic functioning can be characterized as reactive, past-oriented, and, of course, biological. (http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/allport.html/)
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Hermann Rorschach
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Rorschach developed ideas and patterns of thoughts which demonstrate an extraordinary degree of originality.It is based upon man's tendency to projects interpretations and emotions into ambiguous stimuli, in this case inkblots. From these keys trained observers may be able to pinpoint deeper personality traits and impulses in the person taking the test. (http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/1232.html)
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Solomon Asch
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Solomon Asch is considered a pioneer of social psychology and Gestalt psychology. His conformity experiments demonstrated the power of social influence and still serve as a source of inspiration for social psychology researchers today. (http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesal/p/solomon-asch.htm)
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Stanley Schachter
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Stanley Schachter became well known in the 1950s for developing the "two-factor theory of emotion," which posits that emotions are a joint result of physiological arousal and a cognitive interpretation of that arousal. He also researched a wide range of other phenomena, including cognitive dissonance, misattribution, overeating, and addiction. (http://www.socialpsychology.org/social-figures.htm)
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stanley miligram
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Stanley Milgram is famous for a set of studies suggesting that most people will obey an experimenter's order to administer potentially deadly levels of electric shock to a protesting stranger. (http://www.socialpsychology.org/social-figures.htm)
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Philip Zimbardo
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Conducted the famous Stanford Prison experiment. It was conducted to study the power of social roles to influence people's behavior. It proved people's behavior depends to a large extent on the roles that are asked to play. (Quizlet.com)
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Elizabeth Kubler-Ross
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Dr Elisabeth Kubler-Ross pioneered methods in the support and counselling of personal trauma, grief and grieving, associated with death and dying. She also dramatically improved the understanding and practices in relation to bereavement and hospice care.Her ideas, notably the five stages of grief model (denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance), are also transferable to personal change and emotional upset resulting from factors other than death and dying. (http://www.businessballs.com/elisabeth_kubler_ross_five_stages_of_grief.htm)
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Elizabeth Loftus
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She is an American psychologist and expert on human memory. She has conducted extensive research on the misinformation effect and the nature of false memories. (Quizlet.com)
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Robert Sternberg
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Dr. Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence contends that intelligent behavior arises from a balance between analytical, creative and practical abilities, and that these abilities function collectively to allow individuals to achieve success within particular sociocultural contexts. (http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/sternberg.shtml)
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Albert Bandura
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Albert Bandura is a psychologist specialized in social cognitive theory and self-efficacy. He is well known for his "Bobo doll experiment" and social learning theory. (http://answers.ask.com/Science/Psychology/who_is_albert_bandura)
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Raymond Cattell
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1905-1998; Field: intelligence; Contributions: fluid & crystal intelligence; 3 domains of personality sphere (personality, ability, & motivation), 16 Personality Factors (personality test). (Quizlet.com)
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Aaron Beck
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Aaron Beck is probably best known for pioneering the use of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT).He revolutionized psychotherapy in general, by turning toward science — and replicable data — to validate the efficacy of his new therapeutic techniques he pioneered in CBT. (http://psychcentral.com/blog/archives/2009/09/02/a-profile-of-aaron-beck/)
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Noam Chmsky
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Chomsky's research and influence on linguistics changed and modernized the discipline. For many years there has been a battle between linguistics as to whether language acquisition is innate or learned. Chomsky argues that language acquisition is an innate structure, or function, of the human brain. (http://www.muskingum.edu/~psych/psycweb/history/chomsky.htm)
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Edward Thorndike
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Pioneer in operant conditioning who discovered concepts in intstrumental learning such as the law of effect. Known for his work with cats in puzzle boxes. (Quizlet.com)
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HJ Eysenck
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1916-1997; Field: personality; Contributions: asserted that personality is largely determined by genes, used introversion/extroversion. (Quizlet.com)
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Mary Ainsworth
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Ainsworth, who collaborated with Bowlby in the joint publication of their work, Child Care and the Birth of Love (1965), developed a procedure for observing and assessing the quality of attachment in relationships between a caregiver and child. She called this procedure the Strange Situation. (http://www.childdevelopmentmedia.com/mary-ainsworth-and-attachment-theory.html)
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Kenneth Clark
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social psychology; research evidence of internalized racism caused by stigmatization; doll experiments-black children chose white dolls. (Quizlet.com)
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Lev Vygotsky
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Lev Vygotsky is considered a seminal thinker in psychology. He also suggested that human development results from a dynamic interaction between individuals and society.Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the dynamic nature of this interaction. Society doesn't just impact people; people also impact their society. (http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesmz/p/vygotsky.htm)
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Martin Seligman
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Seligman discovered that when people feel they have no control over their situation, they tend to give up rather than fight for control. His research on helplessness and pessimism had important implications in the prevention and treatment of depression.Seligman's work researching learned pessimistic attitudes eventually led him to develop an interest in optimism, an interest that would eventually lead to the emergence of a new branch of psychology. (http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesmz/p/martin-seligman.htm)
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Howard Gardner
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devised theory of multiple intelligences: logical-mathematic, spatial, bodily-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, linguistic, musical, interpersonal, naturalistic. (Quizlet.com)
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Kurt Lewin
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Kurt Lewin began his studies with an interest in behaviorism, but he later developed an interest in Gestalt psychology.Lewin developed a theory that emphasized the importance of individual personalities, interpersonal conflict and situational variables. (http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesofmajorthinkers/p/bio_lewin.htm)
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Ivan Pavlov
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Pavlov's main area of research throughout his scientific career was on the digestive process, which brought on a series of experiments exploring the correlation between the nervous system and the autonomic functions of the body. Pavlov experimented with dogs, studying the relationship between salivation and digestion. By applying stimuli to the animals in a variety of ways, using sound, visual, and tactile stimulation, he was able to make the animals salivate whether they were in the presence of food or not; a phenomenon he called the conditioned reflex. (http://www.ivanpavlov.com/)
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Hermann Ebbinghaus
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Hermann Ebbinghaus was a German psychologist who pioneered the experimental study of memory. (http://www.chacha.com/askChaCha/who+is+Hermann+Ebbinghaus)
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benjamin Whorf
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1897-1941; Field: language; Contributions: his hypothesis is that language determines the way we think. (Quizlet.com)
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Robert Rosenthal
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Robert Rosenthal has conducted research on the role of self-fulfilling prophecies in everyday life and in laboratory situations. Special interests include the effects of teacher's expectations on students' academic and physical performance, the effects of experimenters' expectations on the results of their research, and the effects of clinicians' expectations on their patients' mental and physical health. (http://rosenthal.socialpsychology.org/)
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Lenore Jacobson
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Lenore F Jacobson was principal of an elementary school in the South San Francisco Unified School District in 1963 when she started a correspondence with Harvard psychologist Robert Rosenthal which led to the influential Pygmalion Effect study. (google.com)
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Judith Langlois
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Professor Langlois has research interests in social development and social information processing, infant development, the effects of individual characteristics on the differential socialization of males and females and on the development of social behavior, the origin of social stereotypes, and the development of social competence. (http://langlois.socialpsychology.org/)
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David Rosenhan
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Rosenhan believed that there are seven main features of abnormality: Suffering; maladaptiveness; vividness and unconventionality; unpredictability and loss of control; irrationality and incomprehensibility; observer discomfort; and violation of moral and ideal standards.A psychologist by training, David Rosenhan was a leading expert on psychology and the law. (http://www.enotes.com/topic/David_Rosenhan)
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Daniel Goleman
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Daniel Goleman is an internationally known psychologist who lectures frequently to professional groups, business audiences, and on college campuses. As a science journalist Goleman reported on the brain and behavioral sciences for The New York Times for many years. (http://danielgoleman.info/biography/)
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Charles Spearman
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theorist who proposed that intelligence consisted of both general intelligence, ability to do complex work like problem solve and intelligence which included specific mental abilities, ability to do verbal or math skills. (Quizlet.com)
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Albert Ellis
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Dr. Albert Ellis, the controversial psychologist revolutionized the field of psychology when he created Rational Emotive Therapy in 1955.He was the founder of Rational Emotive Therapy, the first of the now-popular cognitive therapies. In later years, he called his creation Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy, REBT.REBT is a comprehensive approach to psychological issues and problems that deals with the emotional and behavioral aspects of human disturbance, and places emphasis on how people think. (http://albert-ellis-friends.net/biography.htm)
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Harry Stack Sullivan
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interpersonal psychoanalysis; groundwork for enmeshed relationships, developed the Self-System, a configuration of personality traits. (Quizlet.com)
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Robert Yerkes
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Robert Yerkes was elected president of the American Psychological Association. After the U.S. entered World War I, Yerkes urged the APA to get involved in contributing psychological expertise to the war effort. A number of committees were formed, including one designed to measure intelligence in order to identify Army recruits who were particularly suited for special positions. (http://psychology.about.com/od/profilesmz/p/robert-yerkes.htm)
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Alfred Binet
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the indvidual that published the first measure of intelligence in 1905. The purpose of his intelligence test was to correctly place students on academic tracks in the French school system. (Quizlet.com)
