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Emergency Banking Act

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permitted banks to reopen if a Treasury Department inspection showed that they had sufficient cash reserves. (March 9, 1933)

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Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

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Federal relief program that provided jobs to millions of unemployed young men who built thousands of bridges, roads, trails, and other structures in state and national parks, bolstering the national infrastructure. (March 31, 1933)

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Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)

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Agency gave loans to the states to operate relief programs. Alleviate household unemployment by creating new unskilled jobs in local and state government (May 12, 1933)

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Agricultural Adjustment Act (AAA)

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New Deal legislation passed in May 1933 that aimed at cutting agricultural production to raise crop prices and thus farmers' income. (May 12, 1933)

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Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

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An agency funded by Congress in 1933 that integrated flood control, reforestation, electricity generation, and agricultural and industrial development in the Tennessee Valley area. (May 18, 1933)

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Home Owner's Refinancing Act (HOLC)

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The act, which went into effect on June 13, 1933, provided mortgage assistance to homeowners or would-be homeowners by providing them money or refinancing mortgages (June 13, 1933)

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National Recovery Administration (NRA) or National Industrial Recovery Act (NIRA)

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Federal agency established in June 1933 to promote industrial recovery during the Great Depression. It encouraged industrialists to voluntarily adopt codes that defined fair working conditions, set prices, and minimized competition. (June 16, 1933)

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Public Works Administration (PWA)

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A New Deal construction program established by Congress in 1933. Designed to put people back to work, the PWA built the Boulder Dam (renamed Hoover Dam) and Grand Coulee Dam, among other large public works projects. (June 16, 1933)

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Glass-Steagall Act

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A 1933 law that created the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC), which insured deposits up to $2,500 (and now up to $250,000). The act also prohibited banks from making risky, unsecured investments with customers' deposits. (June 16, 1933)

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Civil Works Administration (CWA)

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Created construction jobs, mainly improving or constructing buildings and bridges. It ended on March 31, 1934, after spending $200 million a month and giving jobs to four million people. (November 9, 1933)

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Federal Housing Administration (FHA)

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An agency established by the Federal Housing Act of 1934 that refinanced home mortgages for mortgage holders facing possible foreclosure. (June 28, 1934)

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Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

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A commission established by Congress in 1934 to regulate the stock market. The commission had broad powers to determine how stocks and bonds were sold to the public, to set rules for margin (credit) transactions, and to prevent stock sales by those with inside information about corporate plans. (June 6, 1934)

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Resettlement Administration

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Relocated struggling urban and rural families to communities planned by the federal government. (April 30, 1935)

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Works Progress Administration (WPA)

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Federal New Deal program established in 1935 that provided government-funded public works jobs to millions of unemployed Americans during the Great Depression in areas ranging from construction to the arts. (May 6, 1935)

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Wagner Act

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A 1935 act that upheld the right of industrial workers to join unions and established the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB), a federal agency with the authority to protect workers from employer coercion and to guarantee collective bargaining. (July 5, 1935)

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Social Security Act

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A 1935 act with three main provisions: old-age pensions for workers; a joint federal-state system of compensation for unemployed workers; and a program of payments to widowed mothers and the blind, deaf, and disabled. (August 14, 1935)

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Soil Conservation Act

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Allowed the government to pay farmers to reduce production so as to conserve soil and prevent erosion. (February 29, 1936)

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Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA)

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Introduced the forty-hour work week, established a national minimum wage, guaranteed "time-and-a-half" for overtime in certain jobs, and prohibited most employment of minors in "oppressive child labor", a term that is defined in the statute. (June 25, 1938)

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Smoot-Hawley Tariff

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A high tariff enacted in 1930 during the Great Depression. By taxing imported goods, Congress hoped to stimulate American manufacturing, but the tariff triggered retaliatory tariffs in other countries, which further hindered global trade and led to greater economic contraction.

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Jacob Coxey

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called for direct federal aid to the unemployed

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Bonus Army

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A group of 15,000 unemployed World War I veterans who set up camps near the Capitol building in 1932 to demand immediate payment of pension awards due to be paid in 1945.

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fireside chats

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A series of informal radio addresses Franklin Roosevelt made to the nation in which he explained New Deal initiatives.

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Hundred Days

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A legendary session during the first few months of Franklin Roosevelt's administration in which Congress enacted fifteen major bills that focused primarily on four problems: banking failures, agricultural overproduction, the business slump, and soaring unemployment.

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Liberty League

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A group of Republican business leaders and conservative Democrats who banded together to fight what they called the "reckless spending" and "socialist" reforms of the New Deal.

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National Association of Manufacturers (NAM)

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An association of industrialists and business leaders opposed to government regulation. In the era of the New Deal, the group promoted free enterprise and capitalism through a publicity campaign of radio programs, motion pictures, billboards, and direct mail.

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Townsend Plan

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A plan proposed by Francis Townsend in 1933 that would give $200 a month (about $3,300 today) to citizens over the age of sixty. Townsend Clubs sprang up across the country in support of the plan, mobilizing mass support for old-age pensions.

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Huey Long

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"Share the Wealth"

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welfare state

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A term applied to industrial democracies that adopt various government-guaranteed social-welfare programs. The creation of Social Security and other measures of the Second New Deal fundamentally changed American society and established a national welfare state for the first time.

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Classical liberalism

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The political ideology of individual liberty, private property, a competitive market economy, free trade, and limited government. The idea being that the less government does, the better, particularly in reference to economic policies such as tariffs and incentives for industrial development. Attacking corruption and defending private property, late-nineteenth-century liberals generally called for elite governance and questioned the advisability of full democratic participation.

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Roosevelt recession

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A recession from 1937 to 1938 that occurred after President Roosevelt cut the federal budget.

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Keynesian economics

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The theory, developed by British economist John Maynard Keynes in the 1930s, that purposeful government intervention in the economy (through lowering or raising taxes, interest rates, and government spending) can affect the level of overall economic activity and thereby prevent severe depressions and runaway inflation.

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Indian Reorganization Act

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A 1934 law that reversed the Dawes Act of 1887. Through the law, Indians won a greater degree of religious freedom, and tribal governments regained their status as semi-sovereign dependent nations.

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dust bowl

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A series of dust storms from 1930 to 1941 during which a severe drought afflicted the semiarid states of Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, Colorado, Arkansas, and Kansas.

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Rural Electrification Administration (REA)

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An agency established in 1935 to promote nonprofit farm cooperatives that offered loans to farmers to install power lines.

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National Housing Act (FHA)

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Made housing and home mortgages more affordable. It created the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation. It also created the United States Housing Authority to make low-interest, long term loans to local public agencies for slum clearance and construction of low-income dwellings. (June 28, 1934)

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Authorization for Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)

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Main Goal: protect investors; maintain fair, orderly, and efficient markets; and facilitate capital formation (June 6, 1934)

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President Herbert Hoover's Traditions

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The first was the belief that economic outcomes were the product of individual character. People's fate was in their own hands, and success went to those who deserved it. The second tradition held that through voluntary action, the business community could right itself and recover from economic downturns without relying on government assistance.

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How did President Hoover respond to the economic emergency? Why did he choose the course of action that he did?

answer

He believed that the economic outcomes were the product of individual character. It was the people who would decide their fate, not the government.

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What problems in the economy and society of the United States that was exposed by the Great Depression?

answer

Credit, unregulated business, monopolies and unemployment.

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What were the main programs of the New Deal's "Hundred Days"? What were their goals? How were they different from reforms in the early decades of the century?

answer

Programs such as the "Agricultural Adjustment Act" which regulated the economy of agriculture. The Glass-Steagall Act limited the banks and helped with credit.

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Who were the New Deal's major critics, and what were their alternative programs?

answer

Huey Long, coined the term of "Share the Wealth" and also elderly pensions that gave them monthly allowance that they had to spend all to get their next check. Father Charles E. Coughlin, or "Radio Priest", believed that Roosevelt and the Democratic Party had not gone far enough in their efforts to ensure the social welfare of all citizens.

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How did the Second New Deal differ from the first? What were Roosevelt's reasons for changing?

answer

To combat these critics, FDR proposed a new set of economic and social measures to fight unemployment and poverty, and to provide real jobs to decrease the unemployment rate. Examples of the Second New Deal included the WPA, which was the major relief agency of the New Deal. It was to provide work, not welfare. The major new piece of legislation during the Second New Deal was the Social Security Act of 1935. It provided insurance for the aged, unemployed, and disabled and it was based on contributions by both employers and employees.

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Why did the New Deal reach a stalemate?

answer

Democratic party loss seats and republicans gained causing a stalemate.

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Describe the Keynesian economic policies. How important were they to the New Deal?

answer

government intervention in the economy (through lowering or raising taxes, interest rates, and government spending) can affect the level of overall economic activity and thereby prevent severe depressions and runaway inflation. It allowed Roosevelt to regulate business.

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Under the New Deal, the government's involvement in the environment and in the arts was unprecedented. What were the major components of the new involvement?

answer

Agriculture, banking, industry.

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What was the New Deal's long-term legacy in the United States?

answer

Social security, Bank holiday and regulation of business.

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In what ways did Roosevelt's personality, values, and political style affect the polices and programs of the New Deal?

answer

Roosevelt understood his challenges and had his "Brain trust", term for a group of close advisers to a political candidate or incumbent, prized for their expertise in particular fields. He would always have the news people come in after he was ready. He would be photographed standing, and had his wheelchair look like a normal chair.

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What was the impact of the New Deal on organized labor, women, and racial and ethnic minorities? How would you explain its success and failures in reaching these groups?

answer

It helped women by replacing minorities in "house" business. Blacks in the south would be hurt economically because they didn't own the land. Minorities working would be replaced by younger men from the "Public Works Administration". The New Deal helped some, but not all; it didn't eliminate debt or unemployment.

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What were the major differenced between the approaches of Herbert Hoover and Franklin D. Roosevelt to the crisis of the depression?

answer

Hebert Hoover wanted the economy to play itself out with little to no government interference and that if the people wanted change, it was the power to do so. Franklin D. Roosevelt took a more hands on approach to the crisis by creating the "Relief, Reform & Recovery" approach.

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Some historians have seen the New Deal as an evolution of the reform initiated by progressives earlier in the century, but others have argued it represented a revolution in social values and government institutions. What do you think? Provide evidence for your argument.

answer

The successive social activism of the progressive era ultimately influenced the creation of the New Deal. Both periods revolutionized social activism and political reform in order to mend the political conflict of that era. Teddy Roosevelt believed in good and bad trust which led to the creation of the "Sherman Anti-Trust Act." Franklin Roosevelt establish the "Federal Trade Commission" which was cease and desist which could attack monopolies just like the Sherman Anti-Trust act.

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