Exam #1 Chapters 1-4 – Flashcards
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The study of morality using the tools and methods of philosophy.
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Ethics
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The use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues.
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Applied Ethics
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A key feature of moral norms.
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Moral Relativism
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A moral principle that applies in all cases unless an exception is warranted.
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Absolute
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The overriding of a person's actions or decision-making for his or her own good.
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Paternalism
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T/F The principle of respect for autonomy places no restraints on what can be done to an autonomous person.
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False
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T/F Non-maleficence is the bedrock precept of codes of conduct for health care professionals.
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True
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Explains why an action is right or wrong and why a person or person's character is good or bad.
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Moral Theory
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The rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions.
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Act-Utilitarianism
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T/F Kant's categorical imperatives are absolutist.
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True
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T/F Natural Law tradition resolves dilemmas through the principle of utility.
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False
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T/F According to virtue ethics, the central task in morality is knowing and applying principles.
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False
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T/F In the ethics of care, the heart of the moral life is feeling for and caring for those with whom you have a special, intimate connection.
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True
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An approach to morality aimed at advancing women's interests and correction injustices inflicted on women through social oppression and inequality.
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Feminist Ethics
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Paternalism directed at persons who cannot act autonomously or whose autonomy is greatly diminished.
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Weak Paternalism
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The overriding of a person's actions or choices although he or she is substantially autonomous.
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Strong Paternalism
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Helga Wanglie
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Medical Futility
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Elizabeth Bouvia
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Refusal of Treatment
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Kantian ethics generally rejects
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Paternalism
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T/F Weak Paternalism is not usually considered an objectionable violation of autonomy
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True
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The notion of patients imparting information to health professionals who promise, implicitly or explicitly, not to disclose that information to others.
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Confidentiality
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The authority of person's to control who may possess and use information about themselves.
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A Right to Privacy
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Tarasoff v. the University of California
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A duty of confidentiality and a duty to warn
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T/F The Hippocratic oath insists on a strong duty of truth-telling.
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False
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T/F The Hippocratic oath insists on a strong duty of confidentiality.
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True
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Complete confidentiality in modern health is entirely feasible.
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False
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Physicians choosing to withhold information from a patient are likely to justify their actions using this principle.
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Non-Maleficence
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Many skeptics of full disclosure have argued that physicians have no duty to tell patients the truth because.
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Patients are incapable of understanding the truth
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Beliefs regarding morally right and wrong actions and morally good and bad persons or character.
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Morality
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The study of morality using the tools and methods of philosophy.
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Ethics
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The study of morality using the methodology of science.
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Descriptive Ethics
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The study of the meaning and justification of basic moral beliefs.
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Metaethics
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The use of moral norms and concepts to resolve practical moral issues.
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Applied Ethics
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Applied ethics focused on health care, medical science, and medical technology.
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Bioethics
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The search for and justification of, moral standards, or norms.
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Normative Ethics
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Ethics, Metaethics, and Epistemology
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Types of Philosophy
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Metaethics, Normative Ethics, and Applied Ethics
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Types of Ethics
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Standards that help us to decide the rightness of actions, judge the goodness of persons or character and prescribe the form of moral conduct.
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Moral Norms
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-Normative Dominance -Universality -Impartiality -Reasonableness
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Moral Norms Possess the Following
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We should treat people fairly or give the what they owe. (i.e., equals should be treated equally)
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Principle of Justice
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We should produce the most favorable balance of good over bad ( or benefit over harm) for all concerned.
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Principle of Utility
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We should do good to others and avoid doing them harm.
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Principle of Beneficence
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Autonomous persons should be allowed to exercise their capacity for self-determination.
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Principle of Autonomy
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Refers to a person's rational capacity for self-governance or self-determination- the ability to direct one's own life and choose for oneself.
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Autonomy
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The overriding of a person's actions or decision-making for her own good.
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Paternalism
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Some moral norms are true for everyone.
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Objectivism
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Objective moral principles admit no exceptions.
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Absolutism
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Right actions are those sanctioned by an individual person.
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Subjectivism
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Right actions are those sanctioned by one's culture.
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Cultural Relativism
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At least one statement (premise) providing support for another statement (conclusion).
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Argument
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An argument intended to give logically conclusive support to its conclusion.
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Deductive Argument
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An argument intended to give probable support to its conclusion.
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Inductive Argument
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1. Study the text until you thoroughly understand it. 2. Find the conclusion 3. Identify the Premises.
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Evaluating Arguments
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Misrepresentation of a person's view's
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Straw Man
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"To The Man"- attacking the other person (i.e., you smell)
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Ad Hominem
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Appealing to lack of knowledge
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Appeal to Ignorance
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Using the conclusion to prove the conclusion. X is true because X.
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Begging the Question
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Arguing against a point by saying it will lead to out of control consequences.
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Slippery Slope
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An explanation of why an action is right or wrong or why a person or a person's character is good or bad.
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Moral Theory
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Morally Neutral
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Amoral
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Morally Wrong
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Immoral
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Asserts that the rightness of actions depends solely on their consequences.
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Consequentialist Theory
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Asserts that the rightness of actions is determined partly or entirely by their intrinsic value.
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Deontological Theory
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The view that right actions are those that result in the most beneficial balance of good over bad consequences for everyone involved.
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Utilitarianism
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The rightness of actions depends solely on the relative good produced by individual actions.
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Act-Utilitarianism
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A right action is one that conforms to a rule that, if followed consistently, would create for everyone involved the most beneficial balance of good over bad.
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Rule-Utilitarianism
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Thinks happiness is one-dimensional: it is pleasure, pure and simple.
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Bentham
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Thinks that pleasures can vary in quality as well as quantity.
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Mill
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The view that right actions are those that conform to moral standards discerned.
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Natural Law Theory
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Autonomous person's actions or decisions-making for his or her own good.
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Autonomy Principle
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The overriding of a person's actions or decision making for his or her own good.
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Paternalism
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Paternalism directed at person's who cannot act autonomously or whose autonomy is greatly diminished.
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Weak Paternalism
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The overriding of a person's actions or choices although he or she is substantially autonomous.
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Strong Paternalism
