Personality Psychology Final Exam 3 – Flashcards
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Abraham Maslow was associated with ____ psychology
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humanistic
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Maslow believed that psychologists should study
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the strengths and virtues where human natures is at its best
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Maslow insisted on psychology that emphasized
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human strengths, free-will, and the fulfillment of human potential
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Maslow's approach to personality is based on the idea that
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people are capable of displaying better behavior than prejudice, hatred, and aggression
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Maslow's hierarchy of needs are considered instinctoid, which are based on
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needs for safety, belongingness, and love
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According to Maslow, hungry people are not preoccupied with the need of self-actualization until they _____needs
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physiological
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The key idea in Maslow's hierarchy of needs is that
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lower needs have to be satisfied before higher needs become influential
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A fully functioning person feels a(n)
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ability to live richly and creatively in the moment
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Belongingness and esteem needs arise in
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adolescence
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Higher needs are
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All of the answers -weaker than lower -active late in life -less necessary
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Maslow called the higher (meta) needs
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growth or being needs
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Lower needs are
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All of the answers -stronger -called -more
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All of the following are physiological needs except
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the need for relationships
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The need for safety is most important in
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infants and neurotic adults
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People whose safety needs are unsatisfied prefer
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stability and structure
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Maslow believed that the belongingness and love needs
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involves the need bot to give and receive love
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By self-actualization, Maslow meant
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fulfillment of our unique potential, talents, and abilities
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A prerequisite for self-actualization is
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All of the answers -realistic knowledge -freedom from constraints -feeling of security
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concerning cognitive needs, studies have been shown that emotionally healthy adults
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are motivated to improve their knowledge about unexplained events
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In Maslow's view, human behavior is
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determined by innate needs and situational variables
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In metamotivation, a person
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is said to be developing from within
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According to Maslow, truly self-actualized people constitute for ___ of the population
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less than 1%
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Maslow called moments of intense ecstasy, power, and transcendence of the self
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peak experiences
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During a peak experience, the person
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feels powerful, confident, and decisive
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A peak experience occurs when
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the self is transcended and a person feels supremely powerful
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Self-actualizers can occasionally
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All of the answers -feel doubt -be hurtful -experience conflict
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The tendency to self-actualize can be impeded by
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our doubts about our own abilities
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Maslow's personality theory grew out of his research on the characteristics of
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self-actualized persons
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Maslow's primary research method was the
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Maslow did not use these traditional research techniques
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Maslow has been criticized on the grounds that his research
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is nnot scientifically rigorous
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What was Maslow's attitude tower subjective experiences?
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it provides the experiential base for personality research
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According to Maslow, what could one do to help another person grow and develop
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enhance the attractions (benefits) of change
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In order of their salience (ability to influence us), the needs in Maslow's hierarchy are
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physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
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According to Maslow, once a need has been met
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it may again become pre-potent, if no longer met in the future
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A wish or desire qualifies as a basic need when one or more of the following conditions are met
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All of the above -absence -presence -return
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At the highest level of the need hierarchy, people are
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no longer motivated by basic need deficiencies
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Which of the following illustrates B-motivation?
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beauty, truth, and justice
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People who are self-actualized are most likely to laugh at
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the human condition
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The need for self-esteem is ____
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a deficiency motivation
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Basic needs are
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All of the above -instinctoid -universal -deficiency -prepotent
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Carl Rogers and ____ viewed psychology as humanistic, psychoanalytic
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Abraham Maslow
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Rogers believed personality is influence primarily by
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conscious perception of ourselves and our experiential world
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According to Rogers, the best way to understand personality is through
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a person's subjective experiences
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For Rogers, the ultimate goal is to become a
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fully functioning person
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Rogers childhood was characterized by
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parents who loved him in subtle ways, but held strict religious views and emphasized moral behavior
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According to Rogers, the way we see our environment is
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dependent on our perception of it, which may not always coincide with reality
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To rogers, the only valid way to study personality is through
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examining each person's subjective perceptions
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Rogers' terms for the acceptance we need from others is
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positive regard
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According to Rogers, unconditional positive regard
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is nto dependent on the child's behavior
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Conditions of worth derive from
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internalizing parents' norms and standards
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Once infants develop conditions of worth, they
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must avoid certain behaviors that otherwise might be personally satisfying
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Our level of psychological adjustment and emotional health is a function of the extent for which our
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self is congruent with our environment
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Carl Rogers' fully functioning person would
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All of the answers
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All of the following are characteristics of a fully functioning person except
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achievement of as much wealth and power as one's potential allows
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In Rogers' theory of human nature
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one aspect of personality... predispositional
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Rogers believed that personality should be
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Three long words
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Rogers said it was difficult for a therapist to know a client's experiential world completely, because
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all of the answers
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In Rogers' approach to therapy, the therapist provides
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unconditional positive regard
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The only predetermined belief of the person-centered therapist is
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the client's inherent value and worth
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With regard to experiemtnal research, Rogers
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preferred to have a clearer view of a person's experiential world
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The technique in which a person arranges statements about the self-concept into categories is called
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a Q-sort
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Rogers believed that the essence of human nature is
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an innate drive for actualization
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Research using the Q sort provides
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impressive evidence for the effectiveness of person-centered therapy
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The self-reports, children whose parents used conditional regard
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showed poor coping skills, fluctuating levels of self-esteem and low self worth
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Parents who accepted their children unconditionally and displayed democratic child rearing practices
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had children with higher self-esteem and greater emotional security
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To say that Maslow and Rogers were existential is to recognize that they emphasized
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choice making and responsibility
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To say that Rogers took a phenomenological approach recognize that he emphasized
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understanding the point of view of the client
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Rogers regarded the fundamental motivation to be
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the actualizing tendency
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If a person is highly incongruent
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the real self and ideal self are in conflict
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To say that Maslow and Rogers were existential is to recognize that they emphasized
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choice making and responsibility
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Rogers' term for acceptance we need from others is
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positive regard
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Our level of psychological adjustment is a function of the extent to which
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self is contingent with environment
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Differentiation of self ....
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All of the above
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Rogers term for understanding others as they see themselves is
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empathy
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At an intrapsychic level, differentiation refers to the ability to distinguish between
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intellect and emotion
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Highly differentiated individuals are thought to
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demonstrate better psychological adjustment
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Highly differentiated individuals are thought to
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remain in satisfying contact with families of origin
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People who are highly differentiated tend to also be
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emotionally regulated
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Those who have "satisfaction with life" tend to
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All of the above
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A peak experience occurs when
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the self is transcend and a person feels supremely able and at peace